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¥¼¤À¨÷ ©¬´µ¥d«ä·Q¿ý­^¤åª© 1--7
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    PENSEESbyBlaisePascal

    1660

    translatedbyW.F.Trotter

    PENSEES

    SECTIONI:THOUGHTSONMINDANDONSTYLE

    1.Thedifferencebetweenthemathematicalandtheintuitivemind.¡XIntheone,theprinciplesarepalpable,butremovedfromordinaryuse;sothatforwantofhabititisdifficulttoturnone-smindinthatdirection:butifoneturnsitthithereversolittle,oneseestheprinciplesfully,andonemusthaveaquiteinaccuratemindwhoreasonswronglyfromprinciplessoplainthatitisalmostimpossibletheyshouldescapenotice.

    Butintheintuitivemindtheprinciplesarefoundincommonuseandarebeforetheeyesofeverybody.Onehasonlytolook,andnoeffortisnecessary;itisonlyaquestionofgoodeyesight,butitmustbegood,fortheprinciplesaresosubtleandsonumerousthatitisalmostimpossiblebutthatsomeescapenotice.Nowtheomissionofoneprincipleleadstoerror;thusonemusthaveveryclearsighttoseealltheprinciplesand,inthenextplace,anaccuratemindnottodrawfalsedeductionsfromknownprinciples.

    Allmathematicianswouldthenbeintuitiveiftheyhadclearsight,fortheydonotreasonincorrectlyfromprinciplesknowntothem;andintuitivemindswouldbemathematicaliftheycouldturntheireyestotheprinciplesofmathematicstowhichtheyareunused.

    Thereason,therefore,thatsomeintuitivemindsarenotmathematicalisthattheycannotatallturntheirattentiontotheprinciplesofmathematics.Butthereasonthatmathematiciansarenotintuitiveisthattheydonotseewhatisbeforethem,andthat,accustomedtotheexactandplainprinciplesofmathematics,andnotreasoningtilltheyhavewellinspectedandarrangedtheirprinciples,theyarelostinmattersofintuitionwheretheprinciplesdonotallowofsucharrangement.Theyarescarcelyseen;theyarefeltratherthanseen;thereisthegreatestdifficultyinmakingthemfeltbythosewhodonotofthemselvesperceivethem.Theseprinciplesaresofineandsonumerousthataverydelicateandveryclearsenseisneededtoperceivethem,andtojudgerightlyandjustlywhentheyareperceived,withoutforthemostpartbeingabletodemonstratetheminorderasinmathematics,becausetheprinciplesarenotknowntousinthesameway,andbecauseitwouldbeanendlessmattertoundertakeit.Wemustseethematteratonce,atoneglance,andnotbyaprocessofreasoning,atleasttoacertaindegree.Andthusitisrarethatmathematiciansareintuitiveandthatmenofintuitionaremathematicians,becausemathematicianswishtotreatmattersofintuitionmathematicallyandmakethemselvesridiculous,wishingtobeginwithdefinitionsandthenwithaxioms,whichisnotthewaytoproceedinthiskindofreasoning.Notthattheminddoesnotdoso,butitdoesittacitly,naturally,andwithouttechnicalrules;fortheexpressionofitisbeyondallmen,andonlyafewcanfeelit.

    Intuitiveminds,onthecontrary,beingthusaccustomedtojudgeatasingleglance,aresoastonishedwhentheyarepresentedwithpropositionsofwhichtheyunderstandnothing,andthewaytowhichisthroughdefinitionsandaxiomssosterile,andwhichtheyarenotaccustomedtoseethusindetail,thattheyarerepelledanddisheartened.

    Butdullmindsarenevereitherintuitiveormathematical.

    Mathematicianswhoareonlymathematicianshaveexactminds,providedallthingsareexplainedtothembymeansofdefinitionsandaxioms;otherwisetheyareinaccurateandinsufferable,fortheyareonlyrightwhentheprinciplesarequiteclear.

    Andmenofintuitionwhoareonlyintuitivecannothavethepatiencetoreachtofirstprinciplesofthingsspeculativeandconceptual,whichtheyhaveneverseenintheworldandwhicharealtogetheroutofthecommon.

    2.Therearedifferentkindsofrightunderstanding;somehaverightunderstandinginacertainorderofthings,andnotinothers,wheretheygoastray.Somedrawconclusionswellfromafewpremises,andthisdisplaysanacutejudgment.

    Othersdrawconclusionswellwheretherearemanypremises.

    Forexample,theformereasilylearnhydrostatics,wherethepremisesarefew,buttheconclusionsaresofinethatonlythegreatestacutenesscanreachthem.

    Andinspiteofthatthesepersonswouldperhapsnotbegreatmathematicians,becausemathematicscontainagreatnumberofpremises,andthereisperhapsakindofintellectthatcansearchwitheaseafewpremisestothebottomandcannotintheleastpenetratethosemattersinwhichtherearemanypremises.

    Therearethentwokindsofintellect:theoneabletopenetrateacutelyanddeeplyintotheconclusionsofgivenpremises,andthisisthepreciseintellect;theotherabletocomprehendagreatnumberofpremiseswithoutconfusingthem,andthisisthemathematicalintellect.Theonehasforceandexactness,theothercomprehension.Nowtheonequalitycanexistwithouttheother;theintellectcanbestrongandnarrow,andcanalsobecomprehensiveandweak.

    3.Thosewhoareaccustomedtojudgebyfeelingdonotunderstandtheprocessofreasoning,fortheywouldunderstandatfirstsightandarenotusedtoseekforprinciples.Andothers,onthecontrary,whoareaccustomedtoreasonfromprinciples,donotatallunderstandmattersoffeeling,seekingprinciplesandbeingunabletoseeataglance.

    4.Mathematics,intuition.¡XTrueeloquencemakeslightofeloquence,truemoralitymakeslightofmorality;thatistosay,themoralityofthejudgement,whichhasnorules,makeslightofthemoralityoftheintellect.

    Foritistojudgementthatperceptionbelongs,assciencebelongstointellect.Intuitionisthepartofjudgement,mathematicsofintellect.

    Tomakelightofphilosophyistobeatruephilosopher.

    5.Thosewhojudgeofaworkbyruleareinregardtoothersasthosewhohaveawatchareinregardtoothers.Onesays,"Itistwohoursago";theothersays,"Itisonlythree-quartersofanhour."Ilookatmywatch,andsaytotheone,"Youareweary,"andtotheother,"Timegallopswithyou";foritisonlyanhourandahalfago,andIlaughatthosewhotellmethattimegoesslowlywithmeandthatIjudgebyimagination.TheydonotknowthatIjudgebymywatch.

    6.Justasweharmtheunderstanding,weharmthefeelingsalso.

    Theunderstandingandthefeelingsaremouldedbyintercourse;theunderstandingandfeelingsarecorruptedbyintercourse.Thusgoodorbadsocietyimprovesorcorruptsthem.Itis,then,all-importanttoknowhowtochooseinordertoimproveandnottocorruptthem;andwecannotmakethischoice,iftheybenotalreadyimprovedandnotcorrupted.Thusacircleisformed,andthosearefortunatewhoescapeit.

    7.Thegreaterintellectonehas,themoreoriginalityonefindsinmen.Ordinarypersonsfindnodifferencebetweenmen.

    8.Therearemanypeoplewholistentoasermoninthesamewayastheylistentovespers.

    9.Whenwewishtocorrectwithadvantageandtoshowanotherthatheerrs,wemustnoticefromwhatsideheviewsthematter,foronthatsideitisusuallytrue,andadmitthattruthtohim,butrevealtohimthesideonwhichitisfalse.Heissatisfiedwiththat,forheseesthathewasnotmistakenandthatheonlyfailedtoseeallsides.Now,nooneisoffendedatnotseeingeverything;butonedoesnotliketobemistaken,andthatperhapsarisesfromthefactthatmannaturallycannotseeeverything,andthatnaturallyhecannoterrinthesidehelooksat,sincetheperceptionsofoursensesarealwaystrue.

    10.Peoplearegenerallybetterpersuadedbythereasonswhichtheyhavethemselvesdiscoveredthanbythosewhichhavecomeintothemindofothers.

    11.AllgreatamusementsaredangeroustotheChristianlife;butamongallthosewhichtheworldhasinventedthereisnonemoretobefearedthanthetheatre.Itisarepresentationofthepassionssonaturalandsodelicatethatitexcitesthemandgivesbirthtotheminourhearts,and,aboveall,tothatoflove,principallywhenitisrepresentedasverychasteandvirtuous.Forthemoreinnocentitappearstoinnocentsouls,themoretheyarelikelytobetouchedbyit.Itsviolencepleasesourself-love,whichimmediatelyformsadesiretoproducethesameeffectswhichareseensowellrepresented;and,atthesametime,wemakeourselvesaconsciencefoundedontheproprietyofthefeelingswhichweseethere,bywhichthefearofpuresoulsisremoved,sincetheyimaginethatitcannothurttheirpuritytolovewithalovewhichseemstothemsoreasonable.

    Sowedepartfromthetheatrewithourheartsofilledwithallthebeautyandtendernessoflove,thesoulandthemindsopersuadedofitsinnocence,thatwearequitereadytoreceiveitsfirstimpressions,orrathertoseekanopportunityofawakeningthemintheheartofanother,inorderthatwemayreceivethesamepleasuresandthesamesacrificeswhichwehaveseensowellrepresentedinthetheatre.

    12.Scaramouch,whoonlythinksofonething.

    Thedoctor,whospeaksforaquarterofanhourafterhehassaideverything,sofullisheofthedesireoftalking.

    13.Onelikestoseetheerror,thepassionofCleobuline,becausesheisunconsciousofit.Shewouldbedispleasing,ifshewerenotdeceived.

    14.Whenanaturaldiscoursepaintsapassionoraneffect,onefeelswithinoneselfthetruthofwhatonereads,whichwastherebefore,althoughonedidnotknowit.Henceoneisinclinedtolovehimwhomakesusfeelit,forhehasnotshownushisownriches,butours.Andthusthisbenefitrendershimpleasingtous,besidesthatsuchcommunityofintellectaswehavewithhimnecessarilyinclinesthehearttolove.

    15.Eloquence,whichpersuadesbysweetness,notbyauthority;asatyrant,notasaking.

    16.Eloquenceisanartofsayingthingsinsuchaway(1)thatthosetowhomwespeakmaylistentothemwithoutpainandwithpleasure;(2)thattheyfeelthemselvesinterested,sothatself-loveleadsthemmorewillinglytoreflectionuponit.

    Itconsists,then,inacorrespondencewhichweseektoestablishbetweentheheadandtheheartofthosetowhomwespeak,ontheonehand,and,ontheother,betweenthethoughtsandtheexpressionswhichweemploy.Thisassumesthatwehavestudiedwelltheheartofmansoastoknowallitspowersand,then,tofindthejustproportionsofthediscoursewhichwewishtoadapttothem.Wemustputourselvesintheplaceofthosewhoaretohearus,andmaketrialonourownheartoftheturnwhichwegivetoourdiscourseinordertoseewhetheroneismadefortheother,andwhetherwecanassureourselvesthatthehearerwillbe,asitwere,forcedtosurrender.Weoughttorestrictourselves,sofaraspossible,tothesimpleandnatural,andnottomagnifythatwhichislittle,orbelittlethatwhichisgreat.Itisnotenoughthatathingbebeautiful;itmustbesuitabletothesubject,andtheremustbeinitnothingofexcessordefect.

    17.Riversareroadswhichmove,andwhichcarryuswhitherwedesiretogo.

    18.Whenwedonotknowthetruthofathing,itisofadvantagethatthereshouldexistacommonerrorwhichdeterminesthemindofman,as,forexample,themoon,towhichisattributedthechangeofseasons,theprogressofdiseases,etc.Forthechiefmaladyofmanisrestlesscuriosityaboutthingswhichhecannotunderstand;anditisnotsobadforhimtobeinerrorastobecurioustonopurpose.

    ThemannerinwhichEpictetus,Montaigne,andSalomondeTultiewroteisthemostusual,themostsuggestive,themostremembered,andtheoftenestquoted,becauseitisentirelycomposedofthoughtsbornfromthecommontalkoflife.Aswhenwespeakofthecommonerrorwhichexistsamongmenthatthemoonisthecauseofeverything,weneverfailtosaythatSalomondeTultiesaysthat,whenwedonotknowthetruthofathing,itisofadvantagethatthereshouldexistacommonerror,etc.;whichisthethoughtabove.

    19.Thelastthingonesettlesinwritingabookiswhatoneshouldputinfirst.

    20.Order.¡XWhyshouldIundertaketodividemyvirtuesintofourratherthanintosix?WhyshouldIratherestablishvirtueinfour,intwo,inone?WhyintoAbstineetsustineratherthaninto"FollowNature,"or,"Conductyourprivateaffairswithoutinjustice,"asPlato,oranythingelse?Butthere,youwillsay,everythingiscontainedinoneword.Yes,butitisuselesswithoutexplanation,andwhenwecometoexplainit,assoonasweunfoldthismaximwhichcontainsalltherest,theyemergeinthatfirstconfusionwhichyoudesiredtoavoid.So,whentheyareallincludedinone,theyarehiddenanduseless,asinachest,andneverappearsaveintheirnaturalconfusion.Naturehasestablishedthemallwithoutincludingoneintheother.

    21.Naturehasmadeallhertruthsindependentofoneanother.Ourartmakesonedependentontheother.Butthisisnotnatural.Eachkeepsitsownplace.

    22.LetnoonesaythatIhavesaidnothingnew;thearrangementofthesubjectisnew.Whenweplaytennis,webothplaywiththesameball,butoneofusplacesitbetter.

    IhadassoonitsaidthatIusedwordsemployedbefore.Andinthesamewayifthesamethoughtsinadifferentarrangementdonotformadifferentdiscourse,nomoredothesamewordsintheirdifferentarrangementformdifferentthoughts!

    23.Wordsdifferentlyarrangedhaveadifferentmeaning,andmeaningsdifferentlyarrangedhavedifferenteffects.

    24.Language.¡XWeshouldnotturnthemindfromonethingtoanother,exceptforrelaxation,andthatwhenitisnecessaryandthetimesuitable,andnototherwise.Forhethatrelaxesoutofseasonwearies,andhewhoweariesusoutofseasonmakesuslanguid,sinceweturnquiteaway.Somuchdoesourperverselustliketodothecontraryofwhatthosewishtoobtainfromuswithoutgivinguspleasure,thecoinforwhichwewilldowhateveriswanted.

    25.Eloquence.¡XItrequiresthepleasantandthereal;butthepleasantmustitselfbedrawnfromthetrue.

    26.Eloquenceisapaintingofthought;andthusthosewho,afterhavingpaintedit,addsomethingmore,makeapictureinsteadofaportrait.

    27.Miscellaneous.Language.¡XThosewhomakeantithesesbyforcingwordsarelikethosewhomakefalsewindowsforsymmetry.Theirruleisnottospeakaccurately,buttomakeaptfiguresofspeech.

    28.Symmetryiswhatweseeataglance;basedonthefactthatthereisnoreasonforanydifference,andbasedalsoonthefaceofman;whenceithappensthatsymmetryisonlywantedinbreadth,notinheightordepth.

    29.Whenweseeanaturalstyle,weareastonishedanddelighted;forweexpectedtoseeanauthor,andwefindaman.Whereasthosewhohavegoodtaste,andwho,seeingabook,expecttofindaman,arequitesurprisedtofindanauthor.Pluspoeticequamhumanelocutuses.ThosehonourNaturewellwhoteachthatshecanspeakoneverything,evenontheology.

    30.Weonlyconsulttheearbecausetheheartiswanting.Theruleisuprightness.

    Beautyofomission,ofjudgement.

    31.AllthefalsebeautieswhichweblameinCicerohavetheiradmirers,andingreatnumber.

    32.Thereisacertainstandardofgraceandbeautywhichconsistsinacertainrelationbetweenournature,suchasitis,weakorstrong,andthethingwhichpleasesus.

    Whateverisformedaccordingtothisstandardpleasesus,beithouse,song,discourse,verse,prose,woman,birds,rivers,trees,rooms,dress,etc.Whateverisnotmadeaccordingtothisstandarddispleasesthosewhohavegoodtaste.

    Andasthereisaperfectrelationbetweenasongandahousewhicharemadeafteragoodmodel,becausetheyarelikethisgoodmodel,thougheachafteritskind;evensothereisaperfectrelationbetweenthingsmadeafterabadmodel.Notthatthebadmodelisunique,fortherearemany;buteachbadsonnet,forexample,onwhateverfalsemodelitisformed,isjustlikeawomandressedafterthatmodel.

    Nothingmakesusunderstandbettertheridiculousnessofafalsesonnetthantoconsidernatureandthestandardand,then,toimagineawomanorahousemadeaccordingtothatstandard.

    33.Poeticalbeauty.¡XAswespeakofpoeticalbeauty,sooughtwetospeakofmathematicalbeautyandmedicalbeauty.Butwedonotdoso;andthereasonisthatweknowwellwhatistheobjectofmathematics,andthatitconsistsinproofs,andwhatistheobjectofmedicine,andthatitconsistsinhealing.Butwedonotknowinwhatgraceconsists,whichistheobjectofpoetry.Wedonotknowthenaturalmodelwhichweoughttoimitate;andthroughlackofthisknowledge,wehavecoinedfantasticterms,"Thegoldenage,""Thewonderofourtimes,""Fatal,"etc.,andcallthisjargonpoeticalbeauty.

    Butwhoeverimaginesawomanafterthismodel,whichconsistsinsayinglittlethingsinbigwords,willseeaprettygirladornedwithmirrorsandchains,atwhomhewillsmile;becauseweknowbetterwhereinconsiststhecharmofwomanthanthecharmofverse.Butthosewhoareignorantwouldadmireherinthisdress,andtherearemanyvillagesinwhichshewouldbetakenforthequeen;hencewecallsonnetsmadeafterthismodel"VillageQueens."

    34.Noonepassesintheworldasskilledinverseunlesshehasputupthesignofapoet,amathematician,etc.Buteducatedpeopledonotwantasignanddrawlittledistinctionbetweenthetradeofapoetandthatofanembroiderer.

    Peopleofeducationarenotcalledpoetsormathematicians,etc.;buttheyarealltheseandjudgesofallthese.Nooneguesseswhattheyare.Whentheycomeintosociety,theytalkonmattersaboutwhichtherestaretalking.Wedonotobserveinthemonequalityratherthananother,savewhentheyhavetomakeuseofit.Butthenwerememberit,foritischaracteristicofsuchpersonsthatwedonotsayofthemthattheyarefinespeakers,whenitisnotaquestionoforatory,andthatwesayofthemthattheyarefinespeakers,whenitissuchaquestion.

    Itisthereforefalsepraisetogiveamanwhenwesayofhim,onhisentry,thatheisaverycleverpoet;anditisabadsignwhenamanisnotaskedtogivehisjudgementonsomeverses.

    35.Weshouldnotbeabletosayofaman,"Heisamathematician,"or"apreacher,"or"eloquent";butthatheis"agentleman."Thatuniversalqualityalonepleasesme.Itisabadsignwhen,onseeingaperson,yourememberhisbook.Iwouldpreferyoutoseenoqualitytillyoumeetitandhaveoccasiontouseit(Nequidminis),forfearsomeonequalityprevailanddesignatetheman.Letnonethinkhimafinespeaker,unlessoratorybeinquestion,andthenletthemthinkit.

    36.Manisfullofwants:helovesonlythosewhocansatisfythemall."Thisoneisagoodmathematician,"onewillsay.ButIhavenothingtodowithmathematics;hewouldtakemeforaproposition."Thatoneisagoodsoldier."Hewouldtakemeforabesiegedtown.Ineed,then,anuprightmanwhocanaccommodatehimselfgenerallytoallmywants.

    37.Sincewecannotbeuniversalandknowallthatistobeknownofeverything,weoughttoknowalittleabouteverything.Foritisfarbettertoknowsomethingabouteverythingthantoknowallaboutonething.Thisuniversalityisthebest.Ifwecanhaveboth,stillbetter;butifwemustchoose,weoughttochoosetheformer.Andtheworldfeelsthisanddoesso;fortheworldisoftenagoodjudge.

    38.Apoetandnotanhonestman.

    39.Iflightningfellonlowplaces,etc.,poets,andthosewhocanonlyreasonaboutthingsofthatkind,wouldlackproofs.

    40.Ifwewishedtoprovetheexampleswhichwetaketoproveotherthings,weshouldhavetotakethoseotherthingstobeexamples;for,aswealwaysbelievethedifficultyisinwhatwewishtoprove,wefindtheexamplesclearerandahelptodemonstration.

    Thus,whenwewishtodemonstrateageneraltheorem,wemustgivetheruleasappliedtoaparticularcase;butifwewishtodemonstrateaparticularcase,wemustbeginwiththegeneralrule.Forwealwaysfindthethingobscurewhichwewishtoproveandthatclearwhichweusefortheproof;for,whenathingisputforwardtobeproved,wefirstfillourselveswiththeimaginationthatitis,therefore,obscureand,onthecontrary,thatwhatistoproveitisclear,andsoweunderstanditeasily.

    41.EpigramsofMartial.¡XManlovesmalice,butnotagainstone-eyedmennortheunfortunate,butagainstthefortunateandproud.Peoplearemistakeninthinkingotherwise.

    Forlustisthesourceofallouractions,andhumanity,etc.Wemustpleasethosewhohavehumaneandtenderfeelings.Thatepigramabouttwoone-eyedpeopleisworthless,foritdoesnotconsolethemandonlygivesapointtotheauthor-sglory.Allthatisonlyforthesakeoftheauthorisworthless.Ambitiosarecidentornamenta.

    42.Tocallaking"Prince"ispleasing,becauseitdiminisheshisrank.

    43.Certainauthors,speakingoftheirworks,say:"Mybook,""Mycommentary,""Myhistory,"etc.Theyresemblemiddle-classpeoplewhohaveahouseoftheirownandalwayshave"Myhouse"ontheirtongue.Theywoulddobettertosay:"Ourbook,""Ourcommentary,""Ourhistory,"etc.,becausethereisinthemusuallymoreofotherpeople-sthantheirown.

    44.Doyouwishpeopletobelievegoodofyou?Don-tspeak.

    45.Languagesareciphers,whereinlettersarenotchangedintoletters,butwordsintowords,sothatanunknownlanguageisdecipherable.

    46.Amakerofwitticisms,abadcharacter.

    47.Therearesomewhospeakwellandwritebadly.Fortheplaceandtheaudiencewarmthem,anddrawfromtheirmindsmorethantheythinkofwithoutthatwarmth.

    48.Whenwefindwordsrepeatedinadiscourseand,intryingtocorrectthem,discoverthattheyaresoappropriatethatwewouldspoilthediscourse,wemustleavethemalone.Thisisthetest;andourattemptistheworkofenvy,whichisblind,anddoesnotseethatrepetitionisnotinthisplaceafault;forthereisnogeneralrule.

    49.Tomasknatureanddisguiseher.Nomoreking,pope,bishop¡Xbutaugustmonarch,etc.;notParis¡Xthecapitalofthekingdom.ThereareplacesinwhichweoughttocallParis,"Paris,"othersinwhichweoughttocallitthecapitalofthekingdom.

    50.Thesamemeaningchangeswiththewordswhichexpressit.Meaningsreceivetheirdignityfromwordsinsteadofgivingittothem.Examplesshouldbesought

    51.Sceptic,forobstinate.

    52.NoonecallsanotheraCartesianbuthewhoisonehimself,apedantbutapedant,aprovincialbutaprovincial;andIwouldwageritwastheprinterwhoputitonthetitleofLetterstoaProvincial.

    53.Acarriageupsetoroverturned,accordingtothemeaning.Tospreadabroadorupset,accordingtothemeaning.(TheargumentbyforceofM.leMaitreoverthefriar.)

    54.Miscellaneous.¡XAformofspeech,"Ishouldhavelikedtoapplymyselftothat."

    55.Theaperitivevirtueofakey,theattractivevirtueofahook.

    56.Toguess:"ThepartthatItakeinyourtrouble."TheCardinaldidnotwanttobeguessed.

    "Mymindisdisquieted."Iamdisquietedisbetter.

    57.Ialwaysfeeluncomfortableundersuchcomplimentsasthese:"Ihavegivenyouagreatdealoftrouble,""IamafraidIamboringyou,""Ifearthisistoolong."Weeithercarryouraudiencewithus,orirritatethem.

    58.Youareungraceful:"Excuseme,pray."WithoutthatexcuseIwouldnothaveknowntherewasanythingamiss."Withreverencebeitspoken"Theonlythingbadistheirexcuse.

    59."Toextinguishthetorchofsedition";tooluxuriant."Therestlessnessofhisgenius";twosuperfluousgrandwords.

    SECTIONII:THEMISERYOFMANWITHOUTGOD

    60.Firstpart:MiseryofmanwithoutGod.

    Secondpart:HappinessofmanwithGod.

    Or,Firstpart:Thatnatureiscorrupt.Provedbynatureitself.

    Secondpart:ThatthereisaRedeemer.ProvedbyScripture.

    61.Order.¡XImightwellhavetakenthisdiscourseinanorderlikethis:toshowthevanityofallconditionsofmen,toshowthevanityofordinarylives,andthenthevanityofphilosophiclives,sceptics,stoics;buttheorderwouldnothavebeenkept.Iknowalittlewhatitis,andhowfewpeopleunderstandit.Nohumansciencecankeepit.SaintThomasdidnotkeepit.Mathematicskeepit,buttheyareuselessonaccountoftheirdepth.

    62.Prefacetothefirstpart.¡XTospeakofthosewhohavetreatedoftheknowledgeofself;ofthedivisionsofCharron,whichsaddenandwearyus;oftheconfusionofMontaigne;thathewasquiteawareofhiswantofmethodandshunneditbyjumpingfromsubjecttosubject;thathesoughttobefashionable.

    Hisfoolishprojectofdesc**nghimself!Andthisnotcasuallyandagainsthismaxims,sinceeveryonemakesmistakes,butbyhismaximsthemselves,andbyfirstandchiefdesign.Fortosaysillythingsbychanceandweaknessisacommonmisfortune,buttosaythemintentionallyisintolerable,andtosaysuchasthat

    63.Montaigne.¡XMontaigne-sfaultsaregreat.Lewdwords;thisisbad,notwithstandingMademoiselledeGournay.Credulous;peoplewithouteyes.Ignorant;squaringthecircle,agreaterworld.Hisopinionsonsuicide,ondeath.Hesuggestsanindifferenceaboutsalvation,withoutfearandwithoutrepentance.Ashisbookwasnotwrittenwithareligiouspurpose,hewasnotboundtomentionreligion;butitisalwaysourdutynottoturnmenfromit.Onecanexcusehisratherfreeandlicentiousopinionsonsomerelationsoflife;butonecannotexcusehisthoroughlypaganviewsondeath,foramanmustrenouncepietyaltogether,ifhedoesnotatleastwishtodielikeaChristian.Now,throughthewholeofhisbookhisonlyconceptionofdeathisacowardlyandeffeminateone.

    64.ItisnotinMontaigne,butinmyself,thatIfindallthatIseeinhim.

    65.WhatgoodthereisinMontaignecanonlyhavebeenacquiredwithdifficulty.Theevilthatisinhim,Imeanapartfromhismorality,couldhavebeencorrectedinamoment,ifhehadbeeninformedthathemadetoomuchoftriflesandspoketoomuchofhimself.

    66.Onemustknowoneself.Ifthisdoesnotservetodiscovertruth,itatleastservesasaruleoflife,andthereisnothingbetter.

    67.Thevanityofthesciences.¡XPhysicalsciencewillnotconsolemefortheignoranceofmoralityinthetimeofaffliction.Butthescienceofethicswillalwaysconsolemefortheignoranceofthephysicalsciences.

    68.Menarenevertaughttobegentlemenandaretaughteverythingelse;andtheyneverplumethemselvessomuchontherestoftheirknowledgeasonknowinghowtobegentlemen.Theyonlyplumethemselvesonknowingtheonethingtheydonotknow.

    69.Theinfinites,themean.¡XWhenwereadtoofastortooslowly,weunderstandnothing.

    70.Nature¡XNaturehassetussowellinthecentre,thatifwechangeonesideofthebalance,wechangetheotheralso.Thismakesmebelievethatthespringsinourbrainaresoadjustedthathewhotouchesonetouchesalsoitscontrary.

    71.Toomuchandtoolittlewine.Givehimnone,hecannotfindtruth;givehimtoomuch,thesame.

    72.Man-sdisproportion.¡XThisiswhereourinnateknowledgeleadsus.Ifitbenottrue,thereisnotruthinman;andifitbetrue,hefindsthereingreatcauseforhumiliation,beingcompelledtoabasehimselfinonewayoranother.Andsincehecannotexistwithoutthisknowledge,Iwishthat,beforeenteringondeeperresearchesintonature,hewouldconsiderherbothseriouslyandatleisure,thathewouldreflectuponhimselfalso,andknowingwhatproportionthereisLetmanthencontemplatethewholeofnatureinherfullandgrandmajesty,andturnhisvisionfromthelowobjectswhichsurroundhim.Lethimgazeonthatbrilliantlight,setlikeaneternallamptoilluminetheuniverse;lettheearthappeartohimapointincomparisonwiththevastcircledescribedbythesun;andlethimwonderatthefactthatthisvastcircleisitselfbutaveryfinepointincomparisonwiththatdescribedbythestarsintheirrevolutionroundthefirmament.Butifourviewbearrestedthere,letourimaginationpassbeyond;itwillsoonerexhaustthepowerofconceptionthannaturethatofsupplyingmaterialforconception.Thewholevisibleworldisonlyanimperceptibleatomintheamplebosomofnature.Noideaapproachesit.Wemayenlargeourconceptionsbeyondanimaginablespace;weonlyproduceatomsincomparisonwiththerealityofthings.Itisaninfinitesphere,thecentreofwhichiseverywhere,thecircumferencenowhere.Inshort,itisthegreatestsensiblemarkofthealmightypowerofGodthatimaginationlosesitselfinthatthought.

    Returningtohimself,letmanconsiderwhatheisincomparisonwithallexistence;lethimregardhimselfaslostinthisremotecornerofnature;andfromthelittlecellinwhichhefindshimselflodged,Imeantheuniverse,lethimestimateattheirtruevaluetheearth,kingdoms,cities,andhimself.WhatisamanintheInfinite?

    Buttoshowhimanotherprodigyequallyastonishing,lethimexaminethemostdelicatethingsheknows.Letamitebegivenhim,withitsminutebodyandpartsincomparablymoreminute,limbswiththeirjoints,veinsinthelimbs,bloodintheveins,humoursintheblood,dropsinthehumours,vapoursinthedrops.Dividingtheselastthingsagain,lethimexhausthispowersofconception,andletthelastobjectatwhichhecanarrivebenowthatofourdiscourse.Perhapshewillthinkthathereisthesmallestpointinnature.Iwilllethimseethereinanewabyss.Iwillpaintforhimnotonlythevisibleuniverse,butallthathecanconceiveofnature-simmensityinthewombofthisabridgedatom.Lethimseethereinaninfinityofuniverses,eachofwhichhasitsfirmament,itsplanets,itsearth,inthesameproportionasinthevisibleworld;ineachearthanimals,andinthelastmites,inwhichhewillfindagainallthatthefirsthad,findingstillintheseothersthesamethingwithoutendandwithoutcessation.Lethimlosehimselfinwondersasamazingintheirlittlenessastheothersintheirvastness.Forwhowillnotbeastoundedatthefactthatourbody,whichalittlewhileagowasimperceptibleintheuniverse,itselfimperceptibleinthebosomofthewhole,isnowacolossus,aworld,orratherawhole,inrespectofthenothingnesswhichwecannotreach?Hewhoregardshimselfinthislightwillbeafraidofhimself,andobservinghimselfsustainedinthebodygivenhimbynaturebetweenthosetwoabyssesoftheInfiniteandNothing,willtrembleatthesightofthesemarvels;andIthinkthat,ashiscuriositychangesintoadmiration,hewillbemoredisposedtocontemplatetheminsilencethantoexaminethemwithpresumption.

    For,infact,whatismaninnature?ANothingincomparisonwiththeInfinite,anAllincomparisonwiththeNothing,ameanbetweennothingandeverything.Sinceheisinfinitelyremovedfromcomprehendingtheextremes,theendofthingsandtheirbeginningarehopelesslyhiddenfromhiminanimpenetrablesecret;heisequallyincapableofseeingtheNothingfromwhichhewasmade,andtheInfiniteinwhichheisswallowedup.

    Whatwillhedothen,butperceivetheappearanceofthemiddleofthings,inaneternaldespairofknowingeithertheirbeginningortheirend.AllthingsproceedfromtheNothing,andarebornetowardstheInfinite.Whowillfollowthesemarvellousprocesses?TheAuthorofthesewondersunderstandsthem.Noneothercandoso.

    ThroughfailuretocontemplatetheseInfinites,menhaverashlyrushedintotheexaminationofnature,asthoughtheyboresomeproportiontoher.Itisstrangethattheyhavewishedtounderstandthebeginningsofthings,andthencetoarriveattheknowledgeofthewhole,withapresumptionasinfiniteastheirobject.Forsurelythisdesigncannotbeformedwithoutpresumptionorwithoutacapacityinfinitelikenature.

    Ifwearewellinformed,weunderstandthat,asnaturehasgravenherimageandthatofherAuthoronallthings,theyalmostallpartakeofherdoubleinfinity.Thusweseethatallthesciencesareinfiniteintheextentoftheirresearches.Forwhodoubtsthatgeometry,forinstance,hasaninfiniteinfinityofproblemstosolve?Theyarealsoinfiniteinthemultitudeandfinenessoftheirpremises;foritisclearthatthosewhichareputforwardasultimatearenotself-supporting,butarebasedonotherswhich,againhavingothersfortheirsupport,donotpermitoffinality.Butwerepresentsomeasultimateforreason,inthesamewayasinregardtomaterialobjectswecallthatanindivisiblepointbeyondwhichoursensescannolongerperceiveanything,althoughbyitsnatureitisinfinitelydivisible.

    OfthesetwoInfinitesofscience,thatofgreatnessisthemostpalpable,andhenceafewpersonshavepretendedtoknowallthings."Iwillspeakofthewhole,"saidDemocritus.

    Buttheinfinitelylittleistheleastobvious.Philosophershavemuchoftenerclaimedtohavereachedit,anditisheretheyhaveallstumbled.ThishasgivenrisetosuchcommontitlesasFirstPrinciples,PrinciplesofPhilosophy,andthelike,asostentatiousinfact,thoughnotinappearance,asthatonewhichblindsus,Deomniscibili.

    Wenaturallybelieveourselvesfarmorecapableofreachingthecentreofthingsthanofembracingtheircircumference.Thevisibleextentoftheworldvisiblyexceedsus;butasweexceedlittlethings,wethinkourselvesmorecapableofknowingthem.AndyetweneednolesscapacityforattainingtheNothingthantheAll.Infinitecapacityisrequiredforboth,anditseemstomethatwhoevershallhaveunderstoodtheultimateprinciplesofbeingmightalsoattaintotheknowledgeoftheInfinite.Theonedependsontheother,andoneleadstotheother.TheseextremesmeetandreunitebyforceofdistanceandfindeachotherinGod,andinGodalone.

    Letus,then,takeourcompass;wearesomething,andwearenoteverything.ThenatureofourexistencehidesfromustheknowledgeoffirstbeginningswhicharebornoftheNothing;andthelittlenessofourbeingconcealsfromusthesightoftheInfinite.

    Ourintellectholdsthesamepositionintheworldofthoughtasourbodyoccupiesintheexpanseofnature.

    Limitedasweareineveryway,thisstatewhichholdsthemeanbetweentwoextremesispresentinallourimpotence.Oursensesperceivenoextreme.Toomuchsounddeafensus;toomuchlightdazzlesus;toogreatdistanceorproximityhindersourview.Toogreatlengthandtoogreatbrevityofdiscoursetendtoobscurity;toomuchtruthisparalysing(Iknowsomewhocannotunderstandthattotakefourfromnothingleavesnothing).Firstprinciplesaretooself-evidentforus;toomuchpleasuredisagreeswithus.Toomanyconcordsareannoyinginmusic;toomanybenefitsirritateus;wewishtohavethewherewithaltooverpayourdebts.Beneficiaeousquelaetasuntdumvidenturexsolviposse;ubimultumantevenere,progratiaodiumredditur.Wefeelneitherextremeheatnorextremecold.Excessivequalitiesareprejudicialtousandnotperceptiblebythesenses;wedonotfeelbutsufferthem.Extremeyouthandextremeagehinderthemind,asalsotoomuchandtoolittleeducation.Inshort,extremesareforusasthoughtheywerenot,andwearenotwithintheirnotice.Theyescapeus,orwethem.

    Thisisourtruestate;thisiswhatmakesusincapableofcertainknowledgeandofabsoluteignorance.Wesailwithinavastsphere,everdriftinginuncertainty,drivenfromendtoend.Whenwethinktoattachourselvestoanypointandtofastentoit,itwaversandleavesus;andifwefollowit,iteludesourgrasp,slipspastus,andvanishesforever.Nothingstaysforus.Thisisournaturalconditionandyetmostcontrarytoourinclination;weburnwithdesiretofindsolidgroundandanultimatesurefoundationwhereontobuildatowerreachingtotheInfinite.Butourwholegroundworkcracks,andtheearthopenstoabysses.

    Letus,therefore,notlookforcertaintyandstability.Ourreasonisalwaysdeceivedbyfickleshadows;nothingcanfixthefinitebetweenthetwoInfinites,whichbothencloseandflyfromit.

    Ifthisbewellunderstood,Ithinkthatweshallremainatrest,eachinthestatewhereinnaturehasplacedhim.Asthisspherewhichhasfallentousasourlotisalwaysdistantfromeitherextreme,whatmattersitthatmanshouldhavealittlemoreknowledgeoftheuniverse?Ifhehasit,hebutgetsalittlehigher.Ishenotalwaysinfinitelyremovedfromtheend,andisnotthedurationofourlifeequallyremovedfrometernity,evenifitlaststenyearslonger?

    IncomparisonwiththeseInfinites,allfinitesareequal,andIseenoreasonforfixingourimaginationononemorethanonanother.Theonlycomparisonwhichwemakeofourselvestothefiniteispainfultous.

    Ifmanmadehimselfthefirstobjectofstudy,hewouldseehowincapableheisofgoingfurther.Howcanapartknowthewhole?Buthemayperhapsaspiretoknowatleastthepartstowhichhebearssomeproportion.ButthepartsoftheworldareallsorelatedandlinkedtooneanotherthatIbelieveitimpossibletoknowonewithouttheotherandwithoutthewhole.

    Man,forinstance,isrelatedtoallheknows.Heneedsaplacewhereintoabide,timethroughwhichtolive,motioninordertolive,elementstocomposehim,warmthandfoodtonourishhim,airtobreathe.Heseeslight;hefeelsbodies;inshort,heisinadependentalliancewitheverything.Toknowman,then,itisnecessarytoknowhowithappensthatheneedsairtolive,and,toknowtheair,wemustknowhowitisthusrelatedtothelifeofman,etc.Flamecannotexistwithoutair;therefore,tounderstandtheone,wemustunderstandtheother.

    Sinceeverything,then,iscauseandeffect,dependentandsupporting,mediateandimmediate,andallisheldtogetherbyanaturalthoughimperceptiblechainwhichbindstogetherthingsmostdistantandmostdifferent,Iholditequallyimpossibletoknowthepartswithoutknowingthewholeandtoknowthewholewithoutknowingthepartsindetail.

    TheeternityofthingsinitselforinGodmustalsoastonishourbriefduration.Thefixedandconstantimmobilityofnature,incomparisonwiththecontinualchangewhichgoesonwithinus,musthavethesameeffect.

    Andwhatcompletesourincapabilityofknowingthingsisthefactthattheyaresimpleandthatwearecomposedoftwooppositenatures,differentinkind,soulandbody.Foritisimpossiblethatourrationalpartshouldbeotherthanspiritual;andifanyonemaintainthatwearesimplycorporeal,thiswouldfarmoreexcludeusfromtheknowledgeofthings,therebeingnothingsoinconceivableastosaythatmatterknowsitself.Itisimpossibletoimaginehowitshouldknowitself.

    So,ifwearesimplymaterial,wecanknownothingatall;andifwearecomposedofmindandmatter,wecannotknowperfectlythingswhicharesimple,whetherspiritualorcorporeal.Henceitcomesthatalmostallphilosophershaveconfusedideasofthings,andspeakofmaterialthingsinspiritualterms,andofspiritualthingsinmaterialterms.Fortheysayboldlythatbodieshaveatendencytofall,thattheyseekaftertheircentre,thattheyflyfromdestruction,thattheyfearthevoid,thattheyhaveinclinations,sympathies,antipathies,allofwhichattributespertainonlytomind.Andinspeakingofminds,theyconsiderthemasinaplace,andattributetothemmovementfromoneplacetoanother;andthesearequalitieswhichbelongonlytobodies.

    Insteadofreceivingtheideasofthesethingsintheirpurity,wecolourthemwithourownqualities,andstampwithourcompositebeingallthesimplethingswhichwecontemplate.

    Whowouldnotthink,seeinguscomposeallthingsofmindandbody,butthatthismixturewouldbequiteintelligibletous?Yetitistheverythingweleastunderstand.Manistohimselfthemostwonderfulobjectinnature;forhecannotconceivewhatthebodyis,stilllesswhatthemindis,andleastofallhowabodyshouldbeunitedtoamind.Thisistheconsummationofhisdifficulties,andyetitishisverybeing.Modusquocorporibusadhaerentspirituscomprehendiabhominibusnonpotest,ethoctamenhomoest.Finally,tocompletetheproofofourweakness,Ishallconcludewiththesetwoconsiderations

    73.Butperhapsthissubjectgoesbeyondthecapacityofreason.Letusthereforeexaminehersolutionstoproblemswithinherpowers.Iftherebeanythingtowhichherowninterestmusthavemadeherapplyherselfmostseriously,itistheinquiryintoherownsovereigngood.Letussee,then,whereinthesestrongandclear-sightedsoulshaveplaceditandwhethertheyagree.

    Onesaysthatthesovereigngoodconsistsinvirtue,anotherinpleasure,anotherintheknowledgeofnature,anotherintruth,Felixquipotuitrerumcognoscerecausas,anotherintotalignorance,anotherinindolence,othersindisregardingappearances,anotherinwonderingatnothing,nihiladmirariproperesunaquaepossitfacereetservarebeatum,andthetruescepticsintheirindifference,doubt,andperpetualsuspense,andothers,wiser,thinktofindabetterdefinition.Wearewellsatisfied.

    Wemustseeifthisfinephilosophyhasgainednothingcertainfromsolongandsointentstudy;perhapsatleastthesoulwillknowitself.Letusheartherulersoftheworldonthissubject.Whathavetheythoughtofhersubstance?394.Havetheybeenmorefortunateinlocatingher?395.Whathavetheyfoundoutaboutherorigin,duration,anddeparture?Harumsententiarum,399.

    Is,then,thesoultoonobleasubjectfortheirfeeblelights?Letus,then,abasehertomatterandseeifsheknowswhereofismadetheverybodywhichsheanimatesandthoseotherswhichshecontemplatesandmovesatherwill.Whathavethosegreatdogmatists,whoareignorantofnothing,knownofthismatter?393.

    Thiswoulddoubtlesssuffice,ifReasonwerereasonable.Sheisreasonableenoughtoadmitthatshehasbeenunabletofindanythingdurable,butshedoesnotyetdespairofreachingit;sheisasardentaseverinthissearch,andisconfidentshehaswithinherthenecessarypowersforthisconquest.Wemustthereforeconclude,and,afterhavingexaminedherpowersintheireffects,observetheminthemselves,andseeifshehasanatureandagraspcapableoflayingholdofthetruth.

    74.AletterOntheFoolishnessofHumanKnowledgeandPhilosophy.

    ThisletterbeforeDiversion.

    FelixquipotuitNihiladmirari.

    280kindsofsovereigngoodinMontaigne.

    75.PartI,1,2,c.1,section4.

    Probability.¡XItwillnotbedifficulttoputthecaseastagelower,andmakeitappearridiculous.Tobeginattheverybeginning.Whatismoreabsurdthantosaythatlifelessbodieshavepassions,fears,hatreds¡Xthatinsensiblebodies,lifelessandincapableoflife,havepassionswhichpresupposeatleastasensitivesoultofeelthem,naymore,thattheobjectoftheirdreadisthevoid?Whatisthereinthevoidthatcouldmakethemafraid?Nothingismoreshallowandridiculous.Thisisnotall;itissaidthattheyhaveinthemselvesasourceofmovementtoshunthevoid.Havetheyarms,legs,muscles,nerves?

    76.Towriteagainstthosewhomadetooprofoundastudyofscience:Descartes.

    77.IcannotforgiveDescartes.InallhisphilosophyhewouldhavebeenquitewillingtodispensewithGod.ButhehadtomakeHimgiveafilliptosettheworldinmotion;beyondthis,hehasnofurtherneedofGod.

    78.Descartesuselessanduncertain.

    79.Descartes.¡XWemustsaysummarily:"Thisismadebyfigureandmotion,"foritistrue.Buttosaywhattheseare,andtocomposethemachine,isridiculous.Foritisuseless,uncertain,andpainful.Andwereittrue,wedonotthinkallPhilosophyisworthonehourofpain.

    80.Howcomesitthatacrippledoesnotoffendus,butthatafooldoes?Becauseacripplerecognisesthatwewalkstraight,whereasafooldeclaresthatitiswewhoaresilly;ifitwerenotso,weshouldfeelpityandnotanger.

    Epictetusasksstillmorestrongly:"Whyarewenotangryifwearetoldthatwehaveaheadache,andwhyareweangryifwearetoldthatwereasonbadly,orchoosewrongly"?Thereasonisthatwearequitecertainthatwehavenotaheadache,orarenotlame,butwearenotsosurethatwemakeatruechoice.So,havingassuranceonlybecauseweseewithourwholesight,itputsusintosuspenseandsurprisewhenanotherwithhiswholesightseestheopposite,andstillmoresowhenathousandothersderideourchoice.Forwemustpreferourownlightstothoseofsomanyothers,andthatisboldanddifficult.Thereisneverthiscontradictioninthefeelingstowardsacripple.

    81.Itisnaturalforthemindtobelieveandforthewilltolove;sothat,forwantoftrueobjects,theymustattachthemselvestofalse.

    82.Imagination.¡XItisthatdeceitfulpartinman,thatmistressoferrorandfalsity,themoredeceptivethatsheisnotalwaysso;forshewouldbeaninfallibleruleoftruth,ifshewereaninfallibleruleoffalsehood.Butbeingmostgenerallyfalse,shegivesnosignofhernature,impressingthesamecharacteronthetrueandthefalse.

    Idonotspeakoffools,Ispeakofthewisestmen;anditisamongthemthattheimaginationhasthegreatgiftofpersuasion.Reasonprotestsinvain;itcannotsetatruevalueonthings.

    Thisarrogantpower,theenemyofreason,wholikestoruleanddominateit,hasestablishedinmanasecondnaturetoshowhowall-powerfulsheis.Shemakesmenhappyandsad,healthyandsick,richandpoor;shecompelsreasontobelieve,doubt,anddeny;shebluntsthesenses,orquickensthem;shehasherfoolsandsages;andnothingvexesusmorethantoseethatshefillsherdevoteeswithasatisfactionfarmorefullandentirethandoesreason.Thosewhohavealivelyimaginationareagreatdealmorepleasedwiththemselvesthanthewisecanreasonablybe.Theylookdownuponmenwithhaughtiness;theyarguewithboldnessandconfidence,otherswithfearanddiffidence;andthisgaietyofcountenanceoftengivesthemtheadvantageintheopinionofthehearers,suchfavourhavetheimaginarywiseintheeyesofjudgesoflikenature.Imaginationcannotmakefoolswise;butshecanmakethemhappy,totheenvyofreasonwhichcanonlymakeitsfriendsmiserable;theonecoversthemwithglory,theotherwithshame.

    Whatbutthisfacultyofimaginationdispensesreputation,awardsrespectandvenerationtopersons,works,laws,andthegreat?Howinsufficientarealltherichesoftheearthwithoutherconsent!

    Wouldyounotsaythatthismagistrate,whosevenerableagecommandstherespectofawholepeople,isgovernedbypureandloftyreason,andthathejudgescausesaccordingtotheirtruenaturewithoutconsideringthosemeretrifleswhichonlyaffecttheimaginationoftheweak?Seehimgotosermon,fullofdevoutzeal,strengtheninghisreasonwiththeardourofhislove.Heisreadytolistenwithexemplaryrespect.Letthepreacherappear,andletnaturehavegivenhimahoarsevoiceoracomicalcastofcountenance,orlethisbarberhavegivenhimabadshave,orletbychancehisdressbemoredirtiedthanusual,then,howevergreatthetruthsheannounces,Iwageroursenatorloseshisgravity.

    Ifthegreatestphilosopherintheworldfindhimselfuponaplankwiderthanactuallynecessary,buthangingoveraprecipice,hisimaginationwillprevail,thoughhisreasonconvincehimofhissafety.Manycannotbearthethoughtwithoutacoldsweat.Iwillnotstateallitseffects.

    Everyoneknowsthatthesightofcatsorrats,thecrushingofacoal,etc.,mayunhingethereason.Thetoneofvoiceaffectsthewisest,andchangestheforceofadiscourseorapoem.

    Loveorhatealterstheaspectofjustice.Howmuchgreaterconfidencehasanadvocate,retainedwithalargefee,inthejusticeofhiscause!Howmuchbetterdoeshisboldmannermakehiscaseappeartothejudges,deceivedastheyarebyappearances!Howludicrousisreason,blownwithabreathineverydirection!

    Ishouldhavetoenumeratealmosteveryactionofmenwhoscarcewaversaveunderherassaults.Forreasonhasbeenobligedtoyield,andthewisestreasontakesasherownprinciplesthosewhichtheimaginationofmanhaseverywhererashlyintroduced.Hewhowouldfollowreasononlywouldbedeemedfoolishbythegeneralityofmen.Wemustjudgebytheopinionofthemajorityofmankind.Becauseithaspleasedthem,wemustworkalldayforpleasuresseentobeimaginary;and,aftersleephasrefreshedourtiredreason,wemustforthwithstartupandrushafterphantoms,andsuffertheimpressionsofthismistressoftheworld.Thisisoneofthesourcesoferror,butitisnottheonlyone.

    Ourmagistrateshaveknownwellthismystery.Theirredrobes,theermineinwhichtheywrapthemselveslikefurrycats,thecourtsinwhichtheyadministerjustice,thefleurs-de-lis,andallsuchaugustapparelwerenecessary;ifthephysicianshadnottheircassocksandtheirmules,ifthedoctorshadnottheirsquarecapsandtheirrobesfourtimestoowide,theywouldneverhavedupedtheworld,whichcannotresistsooriginalanappearance.Ifmagistrateshadtruejustice,andifphysicianshadthetrueartofhealing,theywouldhavenooccasionforsquarecaps;themajestyofthesescienceswouldofitselfbevenerableenough.Buthavingonlyimaginaryknowledge,theymustemploythosesillytoolsthatstriketheimaginationwithwhichtheyhavetodeal;andthereby,infact,theyinspirerespect.Soldiersalonearenotdisguisedinthismanner,becauseindeedtheirpartisthemostessential;theyestablishthemselvesbyforce,theothersbyshow.

    Thereforeourkingsseekoutnodisguises.Theydonotmaskthemselvesinextraordinarycostumestoappearsuch;buttheyareaccompaniedbyguardsandhalberdiers.Thosearmedandred-facedpuppetswhohavehandsandpowerforthemalone,thosetrumpetsanddrumswhichgobeforethem,andthoselegionsroundaboutthem,makethestoutesttremble.Theyhavenotdressonly,theyhavemight.AveryrefinedreasonisrequiredtoregardasanordinarymantheGrandTurk,inhissuperbseraglio,surroundedbyfortythousandjanissaries.

    Wecannotevenseeanadvocateinhisrobeandwithhiscaponhishead,withoutafavourableopinionofhisability.Theimaginationdisposesofeverything;itmakesbeauty,justice,andhappiness,whichiseverythingintheworld.IshouldmuchliketoseeanItalianwork,ofwhichIonlyknowthetitle,whichaloneisworthmanybooks,Dellaopinionereginadelmondo.Iapproveofthebookwithoutknowingit,savetheevilinit,ifany.Theseareprettymuchtheeffectsofthatdeceptivefaculty,whichseemstohavebeenexpresslygivenustoleadusintonecessaryerror.Wehave,however,manyothersourcesoferror.

    Notonlyareoldimpressionscapableofmisleadingus;thecharmsofnoveltyhavethesamepower.Henceariseallthedisputesofmen,whotaunteachothereitherwithfollowingthefalseimpressionsofchildhoodorwithrunningrashlyafterthenew.Whokeepstheduemean?Lethimappearandproveit.Thereisnoprinciple,howevernaturaltousfrominfancy,whichmaynotbemadetopassforafalseimpressioneitherofeducationorofsense.

    "Because,"saysome,"youhavebelievedfromchildhoodthataboxwasemptywhenyousawnothinginit,youhavebelievedinthepossibilityofavacuum.Thisisanillusionofyoursenses,strengthenedbycustom,whichsciencemustcorrect.""Because,"sayothers,"youhavebeentaughtatschoolthatthereisnovacuum,youhavepervertedyourcommonsensewhichclearlycomprehendedit,andyoumustcorrectthisbyreturningtoyourfirststate."Whichhasdeceivedyou,yoursensesoryoureducation?

    Wehaveanothersourceoferrorindiseases.Theyspoilthejudgementandthesenses;andifthemoreseriousproduceasensiblechange,Idonotdoubtthatslighterillsproduceaproportionateimpression.

    Ourowninterestisagainamarvellousinstrumentfornicelyputtingoutoureyes.Thejustestmanintheworldisnotallowedtobejudgeinhisowncause;Iknowsomewho,inordernottofallintothisself-love,havebeenperfectlyunjustoutofopposition.Thesurewayoflosingajustcausehasbeentogetitrecommendedtothesemenbytheirnearrelatives.

    Justiceandtrutharetwosuchsubtlepointsthatourtoolsaretooblunttotouchthemaccurately.Iftheyreachthepoint,theyeithercrushit,orleanallround,moreonthefalsethanonthetrue.

    Manissohappilyformedthathehasnogoodofthetrue,andseveralexcellentofthefalse.LetusnowseehowmuchButthemostpowerfulcauseoferroristhewarexistingbetweenthesensesandreason.

    83.Wemustthusbeginthechapteronthedeceptivepowers.Manisonlyasubjectfulloferror,naturalandineffaceable,withoutgrace.Nothingshowshimthetruth.Everythingdeceiveshim.Thesetwosourcesoftruth,reasonandthesenses,besidesbeingbothwantinginsincerity,deceiveeachotherinturn.ThesensesmisleadtheReasonwithfalseappearances,andreceivefromReasonintheirturnthesametrickerywhichtheyapplytoher;Reasonhasherrevenge.Thepassionsofthesoultroublethesenses,andmakefalseimpressionsuponthem.Theyrivaleachotherinfalsehoodanddeception.

    Butbesidesthoseerrorswhichariseaccidentallyandthroughlackofintelligence,withtheseheterogeneousfaculties

    84.Theimaginationenlargeslittleobjectssoastofilloursoulswithafantasticestimate;and,withrashinsolence,itbelittlesthegreattoitsownmeasure,aswhentalkingofGod.

    85.Thingswhichhavemostholdonus,astheconcealmentofourfewpossessions,areoftenamerenothing.Itisanothingwhichourimaginationmagnifiesintoamountain.Anotherturnoftheimaginationwouldmakeusdiscoverthiswithoutdifficulty.

    86.Myfancymakesmehateacroaker,andonewhopantswheneating.Fancyhasgreatweight.Shallweprofitbyit?Shallweyieldtothisweightbecauseitisnatural?No,butbyresistingit

    87.Naeistemagnoconatumagnasnugasdixerit.

    583.Quasiquidquaminfeliciussithominicuisuafigmentadominantur.

    88.Childrenwhoarefrightenedatthefacetheyhaveblackenedarebutchildren.Buthowshallonewhoissoweakinhischildhoodbecomereallystrongwhenhegrowsolder?Weonlychangeourfancies.Allthatismadeperfectbyprogressperishesalsobyprogress.Allthathasbeenweakcanneverbecomeabsolutelystrong.Wesayinvain,"Hehasgrown,hehaschanged";heisalsothesame.

    89.Customisournature.Hewhoisaccustomedtothefaithbelievesinit,cannolongerfearhell,andbelievesinnothingelse.Hewhoisaccustomedtobelievethatthekingisterribleetc.Whodoubts,then,thatoursoul,beingaccustomedtoseenumber,space,motion,believesthatandnothingelse?

    90.Quodcrebrovidetnonmiratur,etiamsicurfiatnescit;quodantenonviderit,idsievenerit,ostentumessecenset.

    91.Spongiasolis.¡XWhenweseethesameeffectalwaysrecur,weinferanaturalnecessityinit,asthattherewillbeatomorrow,etc.ButNatureoftendeceivesus,anddoesnotsubjectherselftoherownrules.

    92.Whatareournaturalprinciplesbutprinciplesofcustom?Inchildrentheyarethosewhichtheyhavereceivedfromthehabitsoftheirfathers,ashuntinginanimals.Adifferentcustomwillcausedifferentnaturalprinciples.Thisisseeninexperience;andiftherearesomenaturalprinciplesineradicablebycustom,therearealsosomecustomsopposedtonature,ineradicablebynatureorbyasecondcustom.Thisdependsondisposition.

    93.Parentsfearlestthenaturalloveoftheirchildrenmayfadeaway.Whatkindofnatureisthatwhichissubjecttodecay?Customisasecondnaturewhichdestroystheformer.Butwhatisnature?Foriscustomnotnatural?Iammuchafraidthatnatureisitselfonlyafirstcustom,ascustomisasecondnature.

    94.Thenatureofmaniswhollynatural,omneanimal.

    Thereisnothinghemaynotmakenatural;thereisnothingnaturalhemaynotlose.

    95.Memory,joy,areintuitions;andevenmathematicalpropositionsbecomeintuitions,foreducationproducesnaturalintuitions,andnaturalintuitionsareerasedbyeducation.

    96.Whenweareaccustomedtousebadreasonsforprovingnaturaleffects,wearenotwillingtoreceivegoodreasonswhentheyarediscovered.Anexamplemaybegivenfromthecirculationofthebloodasareasonwhytheveinswellsbelowtheligature.

    97.Themostimportantaffairinlifeisthechoiceofacalling;chancedecidesit.Custommakesmenmasons,soldiers,slaters."Heisagoodslater,"saysone,and,speakingofsoldiers,remarks,"Theyareperfectfools."Butothersaffirm,"Thereisnothinggreatbutwar;therestofmenaregoodfornothing."Wechooseourcallingsaccordingaswehearthisorthatpraisedordespisedinourchildhood,forwenaturallylovetruthandhatefolly.Thesewordsmoveus;theonlyerrorisintheirapplication.Sogreatistheforceofcustomthat,outofthosewhomnaturehasonlymademen,arecreatedallconditionsofmen.Forsomedistrictsarefullofmasons,othersofsoldiers,etc.Certainlynatureisnotsouniform.Itiscustomthenwhichdoesthis,foritconstrainsnature.Butsometimesnaturegainstheascendancyandpreservesman-sinstinct,inspiteofallcustom,goodorbad.

    98.Biasleadingtoerror.¡XItisadeplorablethingtoseeallmendeliberatingonmeansalone,andnotontheend.Eachthinkshowhewillacquithimselfinhiscondition;butasforthechoiceofcondition,orofcountry,chancegivesthemtous.

    ItisapitiablethingtoseesomanyTurks,heretics,andinfidelsfollowthewayoftheirfathersforthesolereasonthateachhasbeenimbuedwiththeprejudicethatitisthebest.Andthatfixesforeachmanhisconditionoflocksmith,soldier,etc.

    HencesavagescarenothingforProvidence.

    99.Thereisanuniversalandessentialdifferencebetweentheactionsofthewillandallotheractions.

    Thewillisoneofthechieffactorsinbelief,notthatitcreatesbelief,butbecausethingsaretrueorfalseaccordingtotheaspectinwhichwelookatthem.Thewill,whichprefersoneaspecttoanother,turnsawaythemindfromconsideringthequalitiesofallthatitdoesnotliketosee;andthusthemind,movinginaccordwiththewill,stopstoconsidertheaspectwhichitlikesandsojudgesbywhatitsees.

    100.Self-love.Thenatureofself-loveandofthishumanEgoistoloveselfonlyandconsiderselfonly.Butwhatwillmando?Hecannotpreventthisobjectthathelovesfrombeingfulloffaultsandwants.Hewantstobegreat,andheseeshimselfsmall.Hewantstobehappy,andheseeshimselfmiserable.Hewantstobeperfect,andheseeshimselffullofimperfections.Hewantstobetheobjectofloveandesteemamongmen,andheseesthathisfaultsmeritonlytheirhatredandcontempt.Thisembarrassmentinwhichhefindshimselfproducesinhimthemostunrighteousandcriminalpassionthatcanbeimagined;forheconceivesamortalenmityagainstthattruthwhichreproveshimandwhichconvinceshimofhisfaults.Hewouldannihilateit,but,unabletodestroyitinitsessence,hedestroysitasfaraspossibleinhisownknowledgeandinthatofothers;thatistosay,hedevotesallhisattentiontohidinghisfaultsbothfromothersandfromhimself,andhecannotendureeitherthatothersshouldpointthemouttohim,orthattheyshouldseethem.

    Trulyitisaneviltobefulloffaults;butitisastillgreatereviltobefullofthemandtobeunwillingtorecognisethem,sincethatistoaddthefurtherfaultofavoluntaryillusion.Wedonotlikeotherstodeceiveus;wedonotthinkitfairthattheyshouldbeheldinhigheresteembyusthantheydeserve;itisnot,then,fairthatweshoulddeceivethemandshouldwishthemtoesteemusmorehighlythanwedeserve.

    Thus,whentheydiscoveronlytheimperfectionsandviceswhichwereallyhave,itisplaintheydousnowrong,sinceitisnottheywhocausethem;theyratherdousgood,sincetheyhelpustofreeourselvesfromanevil,namely,theignoranceoftheseimperfections.Weoughtnottobeangryattheirknowingourfaultsanddespisingus;itisbutrightthattheyshouldknowusforwhatweareandshoulddespiseus,ifwearecontemptible.

    Sucharethefeelingsthatwouldariseinaheartfullofequityandjustice.Whatmustwesaythenofourownheart,whenweseeitinawhollydifferentdisposition?Forisitnottruethatwehatetruthandthosewhotellitus,andthatwelikethemtobedeceivedinourfavour,andprefertobeesteemedbythemasbeingotherthanwhatweareinfact?Oneproofofthismakesmeshudder.TheCatholicreligiondoesnotbindustoconfessoursinsindiscriminatelytoeverybody;itallowsthemtoremainhiddenfromallothermensaveone,towhomshebidsusrevealtheinnermostrecessesofourheartandshowourselvesasweare.Thereisonlythisonemanintheworldwhomsheordersustoundeceive,andshebindshimtoaninviolablesecrecy,whichmakesthisknowledgetohimasifitwerenot.Canweimagineanythingmorecharitableandpleasant?Andyetthecorruptionofmanissuchthathefindseventhislawharsh;anditisoneofthemainreasonswhichhascausedagreatpartofEuropetorebelagainsttheChurch.

    Howunjustandunreasonableistheheartofman,whichfeelsitdisagreeabletobeobligedtodoinregardtoonemanwhatinsomemeasureitwererighttodotoallmen!Forisitrightthatweshoulddeceivemen?

    Therearedifferentdegreesinthisaversiontotruth;butallmayperhapsbesaidtohaveitinsomedegree,becauseitisinseparablefromself-love.Itisthisfalsedelicacywhichmakesthosewhoareunderthenecessityofreprovingotherschoosesomanywindingsandmiddlecoursestoavoidoffence.Theymustlessenourfaults,appeartoexcusethem,interspersepraisesandevidenceofloveandesteem.Despiteallthis,themedicinedoesnotceasetobebittertoself-love.Ittakesaslittleasitcan,alwayswithdisgust,andoftenwithasecretspiteagainstthosewhoadministerit.

    Henceithappensthat,ifanyhavesomeinterestinbeinglovedbyus,theyareaversetorenderusaservicewhichtheyknowtobedisagreeable.Theytreatusaswewishtobetreated.Wehatethetruth,andtheyhideitfromus.Wedesireflattery,andtheyflatterus.Weliketobedeceived,andtheydeceiveus.

    Soeachdegreeofgoodfortunewhichraisesusintheworldremovesusfartherfromtruth,becausewearemostafraidofwoundingthosewhoseaffectionismostusefulandwhosedislikeismostdangerous.AprincemaybethebywordofallEurope,andhealonewillknownothingofit.Iamnotastonished.Totellthetruthisusefultothosetowhomitisspoken,butdisadvantageoustothosewhotellit,becauseitmakesthemdisliked.Nowthosewholivewithprinceslovetheirowninterestsmorethanthatoftheprincewhomtheyserve;andsotheytakecarenottoconferonhimabenefitsoastoinjurethemselves.

    Thisevilisnodoubtgreaterandmorecommonamongthehigherclasses;butthelowerarenotexemptfromit,sincethereisalwayssomeadvantageinmakingmenloveus.Humanlifeisthusonlyaperpetualillusion;mendeceiveandflattereachother.Noonespeaksofusinourpresenceashedoesofusinourabsence.Humansocietyisfoundedonmutualdeceit;fewfriendshipswouldendureifeachknewwhathisfriendsaidofhiminhisabsence,althoughhethenspokeinsincerityandwithoutpassion.

    Manis,then,onlydisguise,falsehood,andhypocrisy,bothinhimselfandinregardtoothers.Hedoesnotwishanyonetotellhimthetruth;heavoidstellingittoothers,andallthesedispositions,soremovedfromjusticeandreason,haveanaturalrootinhisheart.

    101.Isetitdownasafactthatifallmenknewwhateachsaidoftheother,therewouldnotbefourfriendsintheworld.Thisisapparentfromthequarrelswhicharisefromtheindiscreettalestoldfromtimetotime.Isay,further,allmenwouldbe

    102.Somevicesonlylayholdofusbymeansofothers,andthese,likebranches,fallonremovalofthetrunk.

    103.TheexampleofAlexander-schastityhasnotmadesomanycontinentasthatofhisdrunkennesshasmadeintemperate.Itisnotshamefulnottobeasvirtuousashe,anditseemsexcusabletobenomorevicious.Wedonotbelieveourselvestobeexactlysharinginthevicesofthevulgarwhenweseethatwearesharinginthoseofgreatmen;andyetwedonotobservethatinthesematterstheyareordinarymen.Weholdontothembythesameendbywhichtheyholdontotherabble;for,howeverexaltedtheyare,theyarestillunitedatsomepointtothelowestofmen.Theyarenotsuspendedintheair,quiteremovedfromoursociety.No,no;iftheyaregreaterthanwe,itisbecausetheirheadsarehigher;buttheirfeetareaslowasours.Theyareallonthesamelevel,andrestonthesameearth;andbythatextremitytheyareaslowasweare,asthemeanestfolk,asinfants,andasthebeasts.

    104.Whenourpassionleadsustodosomething,weforgetourduty;forexample,welikeabookandreadit,whenweoughttobedoingsomethingelse.Now,toremindourselvesofourduty,wemustsetourselvesataskwedislike;wethenpleadthatwehavesomethingelsetodoandbythismeansrememberourduty.

    105.Howdifficultitistosubmitanythingtothejudgementofanother,withoutprejudicinghisjudgementbythemannerinwhichwesubmitit!Ifwesay,"Ithinkitbeautiful,""Ithinkitobscure,"orthelike,weeitherenticetheimaginationintothatview,orirritateittothecontrary.Itisbettertosaynothing;andthentheotherjudgesaccordingtowhatreallyis,thatistosay,accordingasitthenisandaccordingastheothercircumstances,notofourmaking,haveplacedit.Butweatleastshallhaveaddednothing,unlessitbethatsilencealsoproducesaneffect,accordingtotheturnandtheinterpretationwhichtheotherwillbedisposedtogiveit,orashewillguessitfromgesturesorcountenance,orfromthetoneofthevoice,ifheisaphysiognomist.Sodifficultisitnottoupsetajudgementfromitsnaturalplace,or,rather,sorarelyisitfirmandstable!

    106.Byknowingeachman-srulingpassion,wearesureofpleasinghim;andyeteachhashisfancies,opposedtohistruegood,intheveryideawhichhehasofthegood.Itisasingularlypuzzlingfact.

    107.Lustravitlampadeterras.¡XTheweatherandmymoodhavelittleconnection.Ihavemyfoggyandmyfinedayswithinme;myprosperityormisfortunehaslittletodowiththematter.Isometimesstruggleagainstluck,thegloryofmasteringitmakesmemasteritgaily;whereasIamsometimessurfeitedinthemidstofgoodfortune.

    108.Althoughpeoplemayhavenointerestinwhattheyaresaying,wemustnotabsolutelyconcludefromthisthattheyarenotlying;fortherearesomepeoplewholieforthemeresakeoflying.

    109.Whenwearewellwewonderwhatwewoulddoifwewereill,butwhenweareillwetakemedicinecheerfully;theillnesspersuadesustodoso.Wehavenolongerthepassionsanddesiresforamusementsandpromenadeswhichhealthgavetous,butwhichareincompatiblewiththenecessitiesofillness.Naturegivesus,then,passionsanddesiressuitabletoourpresentstate.Weareonlytroubledbythefearswhichwe,andnotnature,giveourselves,fortheyaddtothestateinwhichwearethepassionsofthestateinwhichwearenot.

    Asnaturemakesusalwaysunhappyineverystate,ourdesirespicturetousahappystate;becausetheyaddtothestateinwhichwearethepleasuresofthestateinwhichwearenot.Andifweattainedtothesepleasures,weshouldnotbehappyafterall;becauseweshouldhaveotherdesiresnaturaltothisnewstate.

    Wemustparticularisethisgeneralproposition

    110.Theconsciousnessofthefalsityofpresentpleasures,andtheignoranceofthevanityofabsentpleasures,causeinconstancy.

    111.Inconstancy.¡XWethinkweareplayingonordinaryorganswhenplayinguponman.Menareorgans,itistrue,but,odd,changeable,variablewithpipesnotarrangedinproperorder.Thosewhoonlyknowhowtoplayonordinaryorganswillnotproducebarmoniesonthese.Wemustknowwhereare.

    112.Inconstancy.¡XThingshavedifferentqualities,andthesouldifferentinclinations;fornothingissimplewhichispresentedtothesoul,andthesoulneverpresentsitselfsimplytoanyobject.Henceitcomesthatweweepandlaughatthesamething.

    113.Inconstancyandoddity.¡XToliveonlybywork,andtoruleoverthemostpowerfulStateintheworld,areveryoppositethings.TheyareunitedinthepersonofthegreatSultanoftheTurks.

    114.Varietyisasabundantasalltonesofthevoice,allwaysofwalking,coughing,blowingthenose,sneezing.Wedistinguishvinesbytheirfruit,andcallthemtheCondrien,theDesargues,andsuchandsuchastock.Isthisall?Hasavineeverproducedtwobunchesexactlythesame,andhasabunchtwograpesalike,etc.?

    Icanneverjudgeofthesamethingexactlyinthesameway.Icannotjudgeofmywork,whiledoingit.Imustdoastheartists,standatadistance,butnottoofar.Howfar,then?Guess.

    115.Variety.¡XTheologyisascience,butatthesametimehowmanysciences?Amanisawhole;butifwedissecthim,willhebethehead,theheart,thestomach,theveins,eachvein,eachportionofavein,theblood,eachhumourintheblood?

    Atown,acountry-place,isfromafaratownandacountry-place.But,aswedrawnear,therearehouses,trees,tiles,leaves,grass,ants,limbsofants,ininfinity.Allthisiscontainedunderthenameofcountry-place.

    116.Thoughts.¡XAllisone,allisdifferent.Howmanynaturesexistinman?Howmanyvocations?Andbywhatchancedoeseachmanordinarilychoosewhathehasheardpraised?Awell-turnedheel.

    117.Theheelofaslipper.¡X"Ah!Howwellthisisturned!Hereisacleverworkman!Howbraveisthissoldier!"Thisisthesourceofourinclinationsandofthechoiceofconditions."Howmuchthismandrinks!Howlittlethatone"!Thismakespeoplesoberordrunk,soldiers,cowards,etc.

    118.Chieftalent,thatwhichrulestherest.

    119.NatureimitatesherselfAseedgrowningoodgroundbringsforthfruit.Aprincipleinstilledintoagoodmindbringsforthfruit.Numbersimitatespace,whichisofadifferentnature.

    Allismadeandledbythesamemaster,root,branches,andfruits;principlesandconsequences.

    120.Naturediversifiesandimitates;artimitatesanddiversifies.

    121.Naturealwaysbeginsthesamethingsagain,theyears,thedays,thehours;inlikemannerspacesandnumbersfolloweachotherfrombeginningtoend.Thusismadeakindofinfinityandeternity.Notthatanythinginallthisisinfiniteandeternal,butthesefiniterealitiesareinfinitelymultiplied.Thusitseemstometobeonlythenumberwhichmultipliesthemthatisinfinite.

    122.Timehealsgriefsandquarrels,forwechangeandarenolongerthesamepersons.Neithertheoffendernortheoffendedareanymorethemselves.Itislikeanationwhichwehaveprovoked,butmeetagainaftertwogenerations.TheyarestillFrenchmen,butnotthesame.

    123.Henolongerlovesthepersonwhomhelovedtenyearsago.Iquitebelieveit.Sheisnolongerthesame,norishe.Hewasyoung,andshealso;sheisquitedifferent.Hewouldperhapsloveheryet,ifshewerewhatshewasthen.

    124.Weviewthingsnotonlyfromdifferentsides,butwithdifferenteyes;wehavenowishtofindthemalike.

    125.Contraries.¡XManisnaturallycredulousandincredulous,timidandrash.

    126.Descriptionofman:dependency,desireofindependence,need.

    127.Conditionofman:inconstancy,weariness,unrest.

    128.Thewearinesswhichisfeltbyusinleavingpursuitstowhichweareattached.Amandwellsathomewithpleasure;butifheseesawomanwhocharmshim,orifheenjoyshimselfinplayforfiveorsixdays,heismiserableifhereturnstohisformerwayofliving.Nothingismorecommonthanthat.

    129.Ournatureconsistsinmotion;completerestisdeath.

    130.Restlessness.¡XIfasoldier,orlabourer,complainofthehardshipofhislot,sethimtodonothing.

    131.Weariness.¡XNothingissoinsufferabletomanastobecompletelyatrest,withoutpassions,withoutbusiness,withoutdiversion,withoutstudy.Hethenfeelshisnothingness,hisforlornness,hisinsufficiency,hisdependence,hisweakness,hisemptiness.Therewillimmediatelyarisefromthedepthofhisheartweariness,gloom,sadness,fretfulness,vexation,despair.

    132.MethinksCaesarwastoooldtosetaboutamusinghimselfwithconqueringtheworld.SuchsportwasgoodforAugustusorAlexander.Theywerestillyoungmenandthusdifficulttorestrain.ButCaesarshouldhavebeenmoremature.

    133.Twofaceswhichresembleeachothermakeuslaugh,whentogether,bytheirresemblance,thoughneitherofthembyitselfmakesuslaugh.

    134.Howuselessispainting,whichattractsadmirationbytheresemblanceofthings,theoriginalsofwhichwedonotadmire!

    135.Thestrugglealonepleasesus,notthevictory.Welovetoseeanimalsfighting,notthevictorinfuriatedoverthevanquished.Wewouldonlyseethevictoriousend;and,assoonasitcomes,wearesatiated.Itisthesameinplay,andthesameinthesearchfortruth.Indisputesweliketoseetheclashofopinions,butnotatalltocontemplatetruthwhenfound.Toobserveitwithpleasure,wehavetoseeitemergeoutofstrife.Sointhepassions,thereispleasureinseeingthecollisionoftwocontraries;butwhenoneacquiresthemastery,itbecomesonlybrutality.Weneverseekthingsforthemselves,butforthesearch.Likewiseinplays,sceneswhichdonotrousetheemotionoffearareworthless,soareextremeandhopelessmisery,brutallust,andextremecruelty.

    136.Ameretrifleconsolesus,forameretrifledistressesus.

    137.Withoutexaminingeveryparticularpursuit,itisenoughtocomprehendthemunderdiversion.

    138.Mennaturallyslatersandofallcallings,saveintheirownrooms.

    139.Diversion.¡XWhenIhaveoccasionallysetmyselftoconsiderthedifferentdistractionsofmen,thepainsandperilstowhichtheyexposethemselvesatcourtorinwar,whencearisesomanyquarrels,passions,boldandoftenbadventures,etc.,Ihavediscoveredthatalltheunhappinessofmenarisesfromonesinglefact,thattheycannotstayquietlyintheirownchamber.Amanwhohasenoughtoliveon,ifheknewhowtostaywithpleasureathome,wouldnotleaveittogotoseaortobesiegeatown.Acommissioninthearmywouldnotbeboughtsodearly,butthatitisfoundinsufferablenottobudgefromthetown;andmenonlyseekconversationandenteringgames,becausetheycannotremainwithpleasureathome.

    But,onfurtherconsideration,when,afterfindingthecauseofallourills,Ihavesoughttodiscoverthereasonofit,Ihavefoundthatthereisoneveryrealreason,namely,thenaturalpovertyofourfeebleandmortalcondition,somiserablethatnothingcancomfortuswhenwethinkofitclosely.

    Whateverconditionwepicturetoourselves,ifwemusterallthegoodthingswhichitispossibletopossess,royaltyisthefinestpositionintheworld.Yet,whenweimagineakingattendedwitheverypleasurehecanfeel,ifhebewithoutdiversionandbelefttoconsiderandreflectonwhatheis,thisfeeblehappinesswillnotsustainhim;hewillnecessarilyfallintoforebodingsofdangers,ofrevolutionswhichmayhappen,and,finally,ofdeathandinevitabledisease;sothat,ifhebewithoutwhatiscalleddiversion,heisunhappyandmoreunhappythantheleastofhissubjectswhoplaysanddivertshimself.

    Henceitcomesthatplayandthesocietyofwomen,warandhighposts,aresosoughtafter.Notthatthereisinfactanyhappinessinthem,orthatmenimaginetrueblisstoconsistinmoneywonatplay,orintheharewhichtheyhunt;wewouldnottaketheseasagift.Wedonotseekthateasyandpeacefullotwhichpermitsustothinkofourunhappycondition,northedangersofwar,northelabourofoffice,butthebustlewhichavertsthesethoughtsofoursandamusesus.

    Reasonswhywelikethechasebetterthanthequarry.

    Henceitcomesthatmensomuchlovenoiseandstir;henceitcomesthattheprisonissohorribleapunishment;henceitcomesthatthepleasureofsolitudeisathingincomprehensible.Anditis,infact,thegreatestsourceofhappinessintheconditionofkingsthatmentryincessantlytodivertthemandtoprocureforthemallkindsofpleasures.

    Thekingissurroundedbypersonswhoseonlythoughtistodivertthekingandtopreventhisthinkingofself.Forheisunhappy,kingthoughhebe,ifhethinkofhimself.

    Thisisallthatmenhavebeenabletodiscovertomakethemselveshappy.Andthosewhophilosophiseonthematter,andwhothinkmenunreasonableforspendingawholedayinchasingaharewhichtheywouldnothavebought,scarceknowournature.Thehareinitselfwouldnotscreenusfromthesightofdeathandcalamities;butthechase,whichturnsawayourattentionfromthese,doesscreenus.

    TheadvicegiventoPyrrhus,totaketherestwhichhewasabouttoseekwithsomuchlabour,wasfullofdifficulties.

    Tobidamanlivequietlyistobidhimlivehappily.Itistoadvisehimtobeinastateperfectlyhappy,inwhichhecanthinkatleisurewithoutfindingthereinacauseofdistress.Thisistomisunderstandnature.

    Asmenwhonaturallyunderstandtheirownconditionavoidnothingsomuchasrest,sothereisnothingtheyleaveundoneinseekingturmoil.Notthattheyhaveaninstinctiveknowledgeoftruehappiness

    Sowearewronginblamingthem.Theirerrordoesnotlieinseekingexcitement,iftheyseekitonlyasadiversion;theevilisthattheyseekitasifthepossessionoftheobjectsoftheirquestwouldmakethemreallyhappy.Inthisrespectitisrighttocalltheirquestavainone.Henceinallthisboththecensurersandthecensureddonotunderstandman-struenature.

    Andthus,whenwetaketheexceptionagainstthem,thatwhattheyseekwithsuchfervourcannotsatisfythem,iftheyreplied¡Xastheyshoulddoiftheyconsideredthematterthoroughly¡Xthattheysoughtinitonlyaviolentandimpetuousoccupationwhichturnedtheirthoughtsfromself,andthattheythereforechoseanattractiveobjecttocharmandardentlyattractthem,theywouldleavetheiropponentswithoutareply.Buttheydonotmakethisreply,becausetheydonotknowthemselves.Theydonotknowthatitisthechase,andnotthequarry,whichtheyseek.

    Dancing:Wemustconsiderrightlywheretoplaceourfeet.¡XAgentlemansincerelybelievesthathuntingisgreatandroyalsport;butabeaterisnotofthisopinion.

    Theyimaginethat,iftheyobtainedsuchapost,theywouldthenrestwithpleasureandareinsensibleoftheinsatiablenatureoftheifdesire.Theythinktheyaretrulyseekingquiet,andtheyareonlyseekingexcitement.

    Theyhaveasecretinstinctwhichimpelsthemtoseekamusementandoccupationabroad,andwhicharisesfromthesenseoftheirconstantunhappiness.Theyhaveanothersecretinstinct,aremnantofthegreatnessofouroriginalnature,whichteachesthemthathappinessinrealityconsistsonlyinrestandnotinstir.Andofthesetwocontraryinstinctstheyformwithinthemselvesaconfusedidea,whichhidesitselffromtheirviewinthedepthsoftheirsoul,incitingthemtoaimatrestthroughexcitement,andalwaystofancythatthesatisfactionwhichtheyhavenotwillcometothem,if,bysurmountingwhateverdifficultiesconfrontthem,theycantherebyopenthedoortorest.

    Thuspassesawayallman-slife.Menseekrestinastruggleagainstdifficulties;andwhentheyhaveconqueredthese,restbecomesinsufferable.Forwethinkeitherofthemisfortuneswehaveorofthosewhichthreatenus.Andevenifweshouldseeourselvessufficientlyshelteredonallsides,wearinessofitsownaccordwouldnotfailtoarisefromthedepthsoftheheartwhereinithasitsnaturalrootsandtofillthemindwithitspoison.

    Thussowretchedismanthathewouldwearyevenwithoutanycauseforwearinessfromthepeculiarstateofhisdisposition;andsofrivolousishethat,thoughfullofathousandreasonsforweariness,theleastthing,suchasplayingbilliardsorhittingaball,issufficienttoamusehim.

    Butwillyousaywhatobjecthasheinallthis?Thepleasureofbraggingtomorrowamonghisfriendsthathehasplayedbetterthananother.Sootherssweatintheirownroomstoshowtothelearnedthattheyhavesolvedaprobleminalgebra,whichnoonehadhithertobeenabletosolve.Manymoreexposethemselvestoextremeperils,inmyopinionasfoolishly,inordertoboastafterwardsthattheyhavecapturedatown.Lastly,otherswearthemselvesoutinstudyingallthesethings,notinordertobecomewiser,butonlyinordertoprovethattheyknowthem;andthesearethemostsenselessoftheband,sincetheyaresoknowingly,whereasonemaysupposeoftheothersthat,iftheyknewit,theywouldnolongerbefoolish.

    Thismanspendshislifewithoutwearinessinplayingeverydayforasmallstake.Givehimeachmorningthemoneyhecanwineachday,onconditionhedoesnotplay;youmakehimmiserable.Itwillperhapsbesaidthatheseekstheamusementofplayandnotthewinnings.Makehim,then,playfornothing;hewillnotbecomeexcitedoveritandwillfeelbored.Itis,then,nottheamusementalonethatheseeks;alanguidandpassionlessamusementwillwearyhim.Hemustgetexcitedoveritanddeceivehimselfbythefancythathewillbehappytowinwhathewouldnothaveasagiftonconditionofnotplaying;andhemustmakeforhimselfanobjectofpassion,andexciteoverithisdesire,hisanger,hisfear,toobtainhisimaginedend,aschildrenarefrightenedatthefacetheyhaveblackened.

    Whencecomesitthatthisman,wholosthisonlysonafewmonthsago,orwhothismorningwasinsuchtroublethroughbeingdistressedbylawsuitsandquarrels,nownolongerthinksofthem?Donotwonder;heisquitetakenupinlookingoutfortheboarwhichhisdogshavebeenhuntingsohotlyforthelastsixhours.Herequiresnothingmore.Howeverfullofsadnessamanmaybe,heishappyforthetime,ifyoucanprevailuponhimtoenterintosomeamusement;andhoweverhappyamanmaybe,hewillsoonbediscontentedandwretched,ifhebenotdivertedandoccupiedbysomepassionorpursuitwhichpreventswearinessfromovercominghim.Withoutamusementthereisnojoy;withamusementthereisnosadness.Andthisalsoconstitutesthehappinessofpersonsinhighposition,thattheyhaveanumberofpeopletoamusethemandhavethepowertokeepthemselvesinthisstate.

    Considerthis.Whatisittobesuperintendent,chancellor,firstpresident,buttobeinaconditionwhereinfromearlymorningalargenumberofpeoplecomefromallquarterstoseethem,soasnottoleavethemanhourinthedayinwhichtheycanthinkofthemselves?Andwhentheyareindisgraceandsentbacktotheircountryhouses,wheretheylackneitherwealthnorservantstohelpthemonoccasion,theydonotfailtobewretchedanddesolate,becausenoonepreventsthemfromthinkingofthemselves.

    140.Howdoesithappenthatthisman,sodistressedatthedeathofhiswifeandhisonlyson,orwhohassomegreatlawsuitwhichannoyshim,isnotatthismomentsad,andthatheseemssofreefromallpainfulanddisquietingthoughts?Weneednotwonder;foraballhasbeenservedhim,andhemustreturnittohiscompanion.Heisoccupiedincatchingitinitsfallfromtheroof,towinagame.Howcanhethinkofhisownaffairs,pray,whenhehasthisothermatterinhand?Hereisacareworthyofoccupyingthisgreatsoulandtakingawayfromhimeveryotherthoughtofthemind.Thisman,borntoknowtheuniverse,tojudgeallcauses,togovernawholestate,isaltogetheroccupiedandtakenupwiththebusinessofcatchingahare.Andifhedoesnotlowerhimselftothisandwantsalwaystobeonthestrain,hewillbemorefoolishstill,becausehewouldraisehimselfabovehumanity;andafterall,heisonlyaman,thatistosaycapableoflittleandofmuch,ofallandofnothing;heisneitherangelnorbrute,butman.

    141.Menspendtheirtimeinfollowingaballorahare;itisthepleasureevenofkings.

    142.Diversion¡XIsnottheroyaldignitysufficientlygreatinitselftomakeitspossessorhappybythemerecontemplationofwhatheis?Musthebedivertedfromthisthoughtlikeordinaryfolk?Iseewellthatamanismadehappybydivertinghimfromtheviewofhisdomesticsorrowssoastooccupyallhisthoughtswiththecareofdancingwell.Butwillitbethesamewithaking,andwillhebehappierinthepursuitoftheseidleamusementsthaninthecontemplationofhisgreatness?Andwhatmoresatisfactoryobjectcouldbepresentedtohismind?Woulditnotbeadeprivationofhisdelightforhimtooccupyhissoulwiththethoughtofhowtoadjusthisstepstothecadenceofanair,orofhowtothrowaballskilfully,insteadofleavingittoenjoyquietlythecontemplationofthemajesticglorywhichencompasseshim?Letusmakethetrial;letusleaveakingallalonetoreflectonhimselfquiteatleisure,withoutanygratificationofthesenses,withoutanycareinhismind,withoutsociety;andwewillseethatakingwithoutdiversionisamanfullofwretchedness.Sothisiscarefullyavoided,andnearthepersonsofkingsthereneverfailtobeagreatnumberofpeoplewhoseetoitthatamusementfollowsbusiness,andwhowatchallthetimeoftheirleisuretosupplythemwithdelightsandgames,sothatthereisnoblankinit.Infact,kingsaresurroundedwithpersonswhoarewonderfullyattentiveintakingcarethatthekingbenotaloneandinastatetothinkofhimself,knowingwellthathewillbemiserable,kingthoughhebe,ifhemeditateonself.

    InallthisIamnottalkingofChristiankingsasChristians,butonlyaskings.

    143.Diversion.¡XMenareentrustedfrominfancywiththecareoftheirhonour,theirproperty,theirfriends,andevenwiththepropertyandthehonouroftheirfriends.Theyareoverwhelmedwithbusiness,withthestudyoflanguages,andwithphysicalexercise;andtheyaremadetounderstandthattheycannotbehappyunlesstheirhealth,theirhonour,theirfortuneandthatoftheirfriendsbeingoodcondition,andthatasinglethingwantingwillmakethemunhappy.Thustheyaregivencaresandbusinesswhichmakethembustleaboutfrombreakofday.Itis,youwillexclaim,astrangewaytomakethemhappy!Whatmorecouldbedonetomakethemmiserable?¡XIndeed!whatcouldbedone?Weshouldonlyhavetorelievethemfromallthesecares;forthentheywouldseethemselves:theywouldreflectonwhattheyare,whencetheycame,whithertheygo,andthuswecannotemployanddivertthemtoomuch.Andthisiswhy,afterhavinggiventhemsomuchbusiness,weadvisethem,iftheyhavesometimeforrelaxation,toemployitinamusement,inplay,andtobealwaysfullyoccupied.

    Howhollowandfullofribaldryistheheartofman!

    144.Ispentalongtimeinthestudyoftheabstractsciences,andwasdisheartenedbythesmallnumberoffellow-studentsinthem.WhenIcommencedthestudyofman,IsawthattheseabstractsciencesarenotsuitedtomanandthatIwaswanderingfartherfrommyownstateinexaminingthemthanothersinnotknowingthem.Ipardonedtheirlittleknowledge;butIthoughtatleasttofindmanycompanionsinthestudyofmanandthatitwasthetruestudywhichissuitedtohim.Ihavebeendeceived;stillfewerstudyitthangeometry.Itisonlyfromthewantofknowinghowtostudythisthatweseektheotherstudies.Butisitnotthatevenhereisnottheknowledgewhichmanshouldhaveandthatforthepurposeofhappinessitisbetterforhimnottoknowhimself.?

    145.Onethoughtaloneoccupiesus;wecannotthinkoftwothingsatthesametime.Thisisluckyforusaccordingtotheworld,notaccordingtoGod.

    146.Manisobviouslymadetothink.Itishiswholedignityandhiswholemerit;andhiswholedutyistothinkasheought.Now,theorderofthoughtistobeginwithself,andwithitsAuthoranditsend.

    Now,ofwhatdoestheworldthink?Neverofthis,butofdancing,playingthelute,singing,makingverses,runningatthering,etc.,fighting,makingoneselfking,withoutthinkingwhatitistobeakingandwhattobeaman.

    147.Wedonotcontentourselveswiththelifewehaveinourselvesandinourownbeing;wedesiretoliveanimaginarylifeinthemindofothers,andforthispurposeweendeavourtoshine.Welabourunceasinglytoadornandpreservethisimaginaryexistenceandneglectthereal.Andifwepossesscalmness,orgenerosity,ortruthfulness,weareeagertomakeitknown,soastoattachthesevirtuestothatimaginaryexistence.Wewouldratherseparatethemfromourselvestojointhemtoit;andwewouldwillinglybecowardsinordertoacquirethereputationofbeingbrave.Agreatproofofthenothingnessofourbeing,nottobesatisfiedwiththeonewithouttheother,andtorenouncetheonefortheother!Forhewouldbeinfamouswhowouldnotdietopreservehishonour.

    148.Wearesopresumptuousthatwewouldwishtobeknownbyalltheworld,evenbypeoplewhoshallcomeafter,whenweshallbenomore;andwearesovainthattheesteemoffiveorsixneighboursdelightsandcontentsus.

    149.Wedonottroubleourselvesaboutbeingesteemedinthetownsthroughwhichwepass.Butifwearetoremainalittlewhilethere,wearesoconcerned.Howlongisnecessary?Atimecommensuratewithourvainandpaltrylife.

    150.Vanityissoanchoredintheheartofmanthatasoldier,asoldier-sservant,acook,aporterbragsandwishestohavehisadmirers.Evenphilosopherswishforthem.Thosewhowriteagainstitwanttohavethegloryofhavingwrittenwell;andthosewhoreaditdesirethegloryofhavingreadit.Iwhowritethishaveperhapsthisdesire,andperhapsthosewhowillreadit

    151.Glory.¡XAdmirationspoilsallfrominfancy.Ah!Howwellsaid!Ah!Howwelldone!Howwell-behavedheis!etc.

    ThechildrenofPort-Royal,whodonotreceivethisstimulusofenvyandglory,fallintocarelessness.

    152.Pride.¡XCuriosityisonlyvanity.Mostfrequentlywewishtoknowbuttotalk.Otherwisewewouldnottakeaseavoyageinordernevertotalkofit,andforthesolepleasureofseeingwithouthopeofevercommunicatingit.

    153.Ofthedesireofbeingesteemedbythosewithwhomweare.¡XPridetakessuchnaturalpossessionofusinthemidstofourwoes,errors,etc.Weevenloseourlifewithjoy,providedpeopletalkofit.

    Vanity:play,hunting,visiting,falseshame,alastingname.

    154.Ihavenofriendstoyouradvantage.

    155.Atruefriendissogreatanadvantage,evenforthegreatestlords,inorderthathemayspeakwellofthemandbackthemintheirabsence,thattheyshoulddoalltohaveone.Buttheyshouldchoosewell;for,iftheyspendalltheireffortsintheinterestsoffools,itwillbeofnouse,howeverwellthesemayspeakofthem;andthesewillnotevenspeakwellofthemiftheyfindthemselvesontheweakestside,fortheyhavenoinfluence;andthustheywillspeakillofthemincompany.

    156.Feroxgens,nullamessevitamsinearmisrati.¡XTheypreferdeathtopeace;otherspreferdeathtowar.

    Everyopinionmaybeheldpreferabletolife,theloveofwhichissostrongandsonatural.

    157.Contradiction:contemptforourexistence,todiefornothing,hatredofourexistence.

    158.Pursuits.¡XThecharmoffameissogreatthatwelikeeveryobjecttowhichitisattached,evendeath.

    159.Nobledeedsaremostestimablewhenhidden.WhenIseesomeoftheseinhistory,theypleasemegreatly.Butafteralltheyhavenotbeenquitehidden,sincetheyhavebeenknown;andthoughpeoplehavedonewhattheycouldtohidethem,thelittlepublicationofthemspoilsall,forwhatwasbestinthemwasthewishtohidethem.

    160.Sneezingabsorbsallthefunctionsofthesoul,aswellasworkdoes;butwedonotdrawtherefromthesameconclusionsagainstthegreatnessofman,becauseitisagainsthiswill.Andalthoughwebringitonourselves,itisneverthelessagainstourwillthatwesneeze.Itisnotinviewoftheactitself;itisforanotherend.Andthusitisnotaproofoftheweaknessofmanandofhisslaveryunderthataction.

    Itisnotdisgracefulformantoyieldtopain,anditisdisgracefultoyieldtopleasure.Thisisnotbecausepaincomestousfromwithout,andweourselvesseekpleasure;foritispossibletoseekpain,andyieldtoitpurposely,withoutthiskindofbaseness.Whencecomesit,then,thatreasonthinksithonourabletosuccumbunderstressofpain,anddisgracefultoyieldtotheattackofpleasure?Itisbecausepaindoesnottemptandattractus.Itisweourselveswhochooseitvoluntarily,andwillittoprevailoverus.Sothatwearemastersofthesituation;andinthismanyieldstohimself.Butinpleasureitismanwhoyieldstopleasure.Nowonlymasteryandsovereigntybringglory,andonlyslaverybringsshame.

    161.Vanity.¡XHowwonderfulitisthatathingsoevidentasthevanityoftheworldissolittleknown,thatitisastrangeandsurprisingthingtosaythatitisfoolishtoseekgreatness?

    162.Hewhowillknowfullythevanityofmanhasonlytoconsiderthecausesandeffectsoflove.Thecauseisajenesaisquoi(Corneille),andtheeffectsaredreadful.Thisjenesaisquoi,sosmallanobjectthatwecannotrecogniseit,agitatesawholecountry,princes,armies,theentireworld.

    Cleopatra-snose:haditbeenshorter,thewholeaspectoftheworldwouldhavebeenaltered.

    163.Vanity.¡XThecauseandtheeffectsoflove:Cleopatra.

    164.Hewhodoesnotseethevanityoftheworldishimselfveryvain.Indeedwhodonotseeitbutyouthswhoareabsorbedinfame,diversion,andthethoughtofthefuture?Buttakeawaydiversion,andyouwillseethemdriedupwithweariness.Theyfeelthentheirnothingnesswithoutknowingit;foritisindeedtobeunhappytobeininsufferablesadnessassoonaswearereducedtothinkingofselfandhavenodiversion.

    165.Thoughts.¡XInomnibusrequiemquaesivi.Ifourconditionweretrulyhappy,wenotneeddiversionfromthinkingofitinordertomakeourselveshappy.

    166.Diversion.¡XDeathiseasiertobearwithoutthinkingofitthanisthethoughtofdeathwithoutperil.

    167.Themiseriesofhumanlifehasestablishedallthis:asmenhaveseenthis,theyhavetakenupdiversion.

    168.Diversion.¡XAsmenarenotabletofightagainstdeath,misery,ignorance,theyhavetakenitintotheirheads,inordertobehappy,nottothinkofthematall.

    169.Despitethesemiseries,manwishestobehappy,andonlywishestobehappy,andcannotwishnottobeso.Buthowwillhesetaboutit?Tobehappyhewouldhavetomakehimselfimmortal;but,notbeingabletodoso,ithasoccurredtohimtopreventhimselffromthinkingofdeath.

    170.Diversion.¡XIfmanwerehappy,hewouldbethemoreso,thelesshewasdiverted,liketheSaintsandGod.Yes;butisitnottobehappytohaveafacultyofbeingamusedbydiversion?No;forthatcomesfromelsewhereandfromwithout,andthusisdependent,andthereforesubjecttobedisturbedbyathousandaccidents,whichbringinevitablegriefs.

    171.Misery.¡XTheonlythingwhichconsolesusforourmiseriesisdiversion,andyetthisisthegreatestofourmiseries.Foritisthiswhichprincipallyhindersusfromreflectinguponourselvesandwhichmakesusinsensiblyruinourselves.Withoutthisweshouldbeinastateofweariness,andthiswearinesswouldspurustoseekamoresolidmeansofescapingfromit.Butdiversionamusesus,andleadsusunconsciouslytodeath.

    172.Wedonotrestsatisfiedwiththepresent.Weanticipatethefutureastooslowincoming,asifinordertohastenitscourse;orwerecallthepast,tostopitstoorapidflight.Soimprudentarewethatwewanderinthetimeswhicharenotoursanddonotthinkoftheonlyonewhichbelongstous;andsoidlearewethatwedreamofthosetimeswhicharenomoreandthoughtlesslyoverlookthatwhichaloneexists.Forthepresentisgenerallypainfultous.Weconcealitfromoursight,becauseittroublesus;and,ifitbedelightfultous,weregrettoseeitpassaway.Wetrytosustainitbythefutureandthinkofarrangingmatterswhicharenotinourpower,foratimewhichwehavenocertaintyofreaching.

    Leteachoneexaminehisthoughts,andhewillfindthemalloccupiedwiththepastandthefuture.Wescarcelyeverthinkofthepresent;andifwethinkofit,itisonlytotakelightfromittoarrangethefuture.Thepresentisneverourend.Thepastandthepresentareourmeans;thefuturealoneisourend.Soweneverlive,butwehopetolive;and,aswearealwayspreparingtobehappy,itisinevitableweshouldneverbeso.

    173.Theysaythateclipsesforetokenmisfortune,becausemisfortunesarecommon,sothat,asevilhappenssooften,theyoftenforetellit;whereasiftheysaidthattheypredictgoodfortune,theywouldoftenbewrong.Theyattributegoodfortuneonlytorareconjunctionsoftheheavens;sotheyseldomfailinprediction.

    174.Misery.¡XSolomonandJobhavebestknownandbestspokenofthemiseryofman;theformerthemostfortunate,andthelatterthemostunfortunateofmen;theformerknowingthevanityofpleasuresfromexperience,thelattertherealityofevils.

    175.Weknowourselvessolittlethatmanythinktheyareabouttodiewhentheyarewell,andmanythinktheyarewellwhentheyareneardeath,unconsciousofapproachingfever,oroftheabscessreadytoformitself.

    176.CromwellwasabouttoravageallChristendom;theroyalfamilywasundone,andhisownforeverestablished,saveforalittlegrainofsandwhichformedinhisureter.Romeherselfwastremblingunderhim;butthissmallpieceofgravelhavingformedthere,heisdead,hisfamilycastdown,allispeaceful,andthekingisrestored.

    177.Threehosts.WouldhewhohadpossessedthefriendshipoftheKingofEngland,theKingofPoland,andtheQueenofSweden,havebelievedhewouldlackarefugeandshelterintheworld?

    178.Macrobius:ontheinnocentsslainbyHerod.

    179.WhenAugustuslearntthatHerod-sownsonwasamongsttheinfantsundertwoyearsofage,whomhehadcausedtobeslain,hesaidthatitwasbettertobeHerod-spigthanhisson.Macrobius,Saturnalia,ii.4.

    180.Thegreatandthehumblehavethesamemisfortunes,thesamegriefs,thesamepassions;buttheoneisatthetopofthewheel,andtheothernearthecentre,andsolessdisturbedbythesamerevolutions.

    181.Wearesounfortunatethatwecanonlytakepleasureinathingonconditionofbeingannoyedifitturnoutill,asathousandthingscando,anddoeveryhour.Hewhoshouldfindthesecretofrejoicinginthegood,withouttroublinghimselfwithitscontraryevil,wouldhavehitthemark.Itisperpetualmotion.

    182.Thosewhohavealwaysgoodhopeinthemidstofmisfortunes,andwhoaredelightedwithgoodluck,aresuspectedofbeingverypleasedwiththeillsuccessoftheaffair,iftheyarenotequallydistressedbybadluck;andtheyareoverjoyedtofindthesepretextsofhope,inordertoshowthattheyareconcernedandtoconcealbythejoywhichtheyfeigntofeelthatwhichtheyhaveatseeingthefailureofthematter.

    183.Weruncarelesslytotheprecipice,afterwehaveputsomethingbeforeustopreventusseeingit.

    SECTIONIII:OFTHENECESSITYOFTHEWAGER

    184.AlettertoincitetothesearchafterGod.

    AndthentomakepeopleseekHimamongthephilosophers,sceptics,anddogmatists,whodisquiethimwhoinquiresofthem.

    185.TheconductofGod,whodisposesallthingskindly,istoputreligionintothemindbyreason,andintotheheartbygrace.Buttowilltoputitintothemindandheartbyforceandthreatsisnottoputreligionthere,butterror;terorrempotiusquamreligionem.

    186.Nisiterrerenturetnondocerentur,improbaquasidominatiovideretur(St.Augustine,Epistle48or49),ContraMendaciumadConsentium.

    187.Order.¡XMendespisereligion;theyhateitandfearitistrue.Toremedythis,wemustbeginbyshowingthatreligionisnotcontrarytoreason;thatitisvenerable,toinspirerespectforit;thenwemustmakeitlovable,tomakegoodmenhopeitistrue;finally,wemustproveitistrue.

    Venerable,becauseithasperfectknowledgeofman;lovablebecauseitpromisesthetruegood.

    188.Ineverydialogueanddiscourse,wemustbeabletosaytothosewhotakeoffence,"Ofwhatdoyoucomplain?"

    189.Tobeginbypityingunbelievers;theyarewretchedenoughbytheircondition.Weoughtonlytorevilethemwhereitisbeneficial;butthisdoesthemharm.

    190.Topityatheistswhoseek,foraretheynotunhappyenough?Toinveighagainstthosewhomakeaboastofit.

    191.Andwillthisonescoffattheother?Whooughttoscoff?Andyet,thelatterdoesnotscoffattheother,butpitieshim.

    192.ToreproachMiltonwithnotbeingtroubled,sinceGodwillreproachhim.

    193.Quidfiethominibusquiminimacontemnunt,majoranoncredunt?

    194Letthematleastlearnwhatisthereligiontheyattack,beforeattackingit.IfthisreligionboastedofhavingaclearviewofGod,andofpossessingitopenandunveiled,itwouldbeattackingittosaythatweseenothingintheworldwhichshowsitwiththisclearness.Butsince,onthecontrary,itsaysthatmenareindarknessandestrangedfromGod,thatHehashiddenHimselffromtheirknowledge,thatthisisinfactthenamewhichHegivesHimselfintheScriptures,Deusabsconditus;andfinally,ifitendeavoursequallytoestablishthesetwothings:thatGodhassetupintheChurchvisiblesignstomakeHimselfknowntothosewhoshouldseekHimsincerely,andthatHehasneverthelesssodisguisedthemthatHewillonlybeperceivedbythosewhoseekHimwithalltheirheart;whatadvantagecantheyobtain,when,inthenegligencewithwhichtheymakeprofessionofbeinginsearchofthetruth,theycryoutthatnothingrevealsittothem;andsincethatdarknessinwhichtheyare,andwithwhichtheyupbraidtheChurch,establishesonlyoneofthethingswhichsheaffirms,withouttouchingtheother,and,veryfarfromdestroying,provesherdoctrine?

    Inordertoattackit,theyshouldhaveprotestedthattheyhadmadeeveryefforttoseekHimeverywhere,andeveninthatwhichtheChurchproposesfortheirinstruction,butwithoutsatisfaction.Iftheytalkedinthismanner,theywouldintruthbeattackingoneofherpretensions.ButIhopeheretoshowthatnoreasonablepersoncanspeakthus,andIventureeventosaythatnoonehaseverdoneso.Weknowwellenoughhowthosewhoareofthismindbehave.TheybelievetheyhavemadegreateffortsfortheirinstructionwhentheyhavespentafewhoursinreadingsomebookofScriptureandhavequestionedsomepriestsonthetruthsofthefaith.Afterthat,theyboastofhavingmadevainsearchinbooksandamongmen.But,verily,IwilltellthemwhatIhaveoftensaid,thatthisnegligenceisinsufferable.Wearenothereconcernedwiththetriflinginterestsofsomestranger,thatweshouldtreatitinthisfashion;thematterconcernsourselvesandourall.

    Theimmortalityofthesoulisamatterwhichisofsogreatconsequencetousandwhichtouchesussoprofoundlythatwemusthavelostallfeelingtobeindifferentastoknowingwhatitis.Allouractionsandthoughtsmusttakesuchdifferentcourses,accordingasthereareorarenoteternaljoystohopefor,thatitisimpossibletotakeonestepwithsenseandjudgmentunlessweregulateourcoursebyourviewofthispointwhichoughttobeourultimateend.

    Thusourfirstinterestandourfirstdutyistoenlightenourselvesonthissubject,whereondependsallourconduct.Thereforeamongthosewhodonotbelieve,Imakeavastdifferencebetweenthosewhostrivewithalltheirpowertoinformthemselvesandthosewholivewithouttroublingorthinkingaboutit.

    Icanhaveonlycompassionforthosewhosincerelybewailtheirdoubt,whoregarditasthegreatestofmisfortunes,andwho,sparingnoefforttoescapeit,makeofthisinquirytheirprincipalandmostseriousoccupation.

    Butasforthosewhopasstheirlifewithoutthinkingofthisultimateendoflife,andwho,forthissolereasonthattheydonotfindwithinthemselvesthelightswhichconvincethemofit,neglecttoseekthemelsewhere,andtoexaminethoroughlywhetherthisopinionisoneofthosewhichpeoplereceivewithcreduloussimplicity,oroneofthosewhich,althoughobscureinthemselves,haveneverthelessasolidandimmovablefoundation,Ilookupontheminamannerquitedifferent.

    Thiscarelessnessinamatterwhichconcernsthemselves,theireternity,theirall,movesmemoretoangerthanpity;itastonishesandshocksme;itistomemonstrous.Idonotsaythisoutofthepiouszealofaspiritualdevotion.Iexpect,onthecontrary,thatweoughttohavethisfeelingfromprinciplesofhumaninterestandself-love;forthisweneedonlyseewhattheleastenlightenedpersonssee.

    Wedonotrequiregreateducationofthemindtounderstandthathereisnorealandlastingsatisfaction;thatourpleasuresareonlyvanity;thatourevilsareinfinite;and,lastly,thatdeath,whichthreatensuseverymoment,mustinfalliblyplaceuswithinafewyearsunderthedreadfulnecessityofbeingforevereitherannihilatedorunhappy.

    Thereisnothingmorerealthanthis,nothingmoreterrible.Beweasheroicaswelike,thatistheendwhichawaitstheworld.Letusreflectonthisandthensaywhetheritisnotbeyonddoubtthatthereisnogoodinthislifebutinthehopeofanother;thatwearehappyonlyinproportionaswedrawnearit;andthat,astherearenomorewoesforthosewhohavecompleteassuranceofeternity,sothereisnomorehappinessforthosewhohavenoinsightintoit.

    Surelythenitisagreatevilthustobeindoubt,butitisatleastanindispensabledutytoseekwhenweareinsuchdoubt;andthusthedoubterwhodoesnotseekisaltogethercompletelyunhappyandcompletelywrong.Andifbesidesthisheiseasyandcontent,professestobeso,andindeedboastsofit;ifitisthisstateitselfwhichisthesubjectofhisjoyandvanity,Ihavenowordstodescribesosillyacreature.

    Howcanpeopleholdtheseopinions?Whatjoycanwefindintheexpectationofnothingbuthopelessmisery?Whatreasonforboastingthatweareinimpenetrabledarkness?Andhowcanithappenthatthefollowingargumentoccurstoareasonableman?

    "Iknownotwhoputmeintotheworld,norwhattheworldis,norwhatImyselfam.Iaminterribleignoranceofeverything.Iknownotwhatmybodyis,normysenses,normysoul,noteventhatpartofmewhichthinkswhatIsay,whichreflectsonallandonitself,andknowsitselfnomorethantherest.Iseethosefrightfulspacesoftheuniversewhichsurroundme,andIfindmyselftiedtoonecornerofthisvastexpanse,withoutknowingwhyIamputinthisplaceratherthaninanother,norwhytheshorttimewhichisgivenmetoliveisassignedtomeatthispointratherthanatanotherofthewholeeternitywhichwasbeforemeorwhichshallcomeafterme.Iseenothingbutinfinitesonallsides,whichsurroundmeasanatomandasashadowwhichenduresonlyforaninstantandreturnsnomore.AllIknowisthatImustsoondie,butwhatIknowleastisthisverydeathwhichIcannotescape.

    "AsIknownotwhenceIcome,soIknownotwhitherIgo.Iknowonlythat,inleavingthisworld,IfallforevereitherintoannihilationorintothehandsofanangryGod,withoutknowingtowhichofthesetwostatesIshallbeforeverassigned.Suchismystate,fullofweaknessanduncertainty.AndfromallthisIconcludethatIoughttospendallthedaysofmylifewithoutcaringtoinquireintowhatmusthappentome.PerhapsImightfindsomesolutiontomydoubts,butIwillnottakethetrouble,nortakeasteptoseekit;andaftertreatingwithscornthosewhoareconcernedwiththiscare,Iwillgowithoutforesightandwithoutfeartotrythegreatevent,andletmyselfbeledcarelesslytodeath,uncertainoftheeternityofmyfuturestate."

    Whowoulddesiretohaveforafriendamanwhotalksinthisfashion?Whowouldchoosehimoutfromotherstotellhimofhisaffairs?Whowouldhaverecoursetohiminaffliction?Andindeedtowhatuseinlifecouldoneputhim?

    Intruth,itisthegloryofreligiontohaveforenemiesmensounreasonable;andtheiroppositiontoitissolittledangerousthatitserves,onthecontrary,toestablishitstruths.FortheChristianfaithgoesmainlytoestablishthesetwofacts:thecorruptionofnature,andredemptionbyJesusChrist.NowIcontendthat,ifthesemendonotservetoprovethetruthoftheredemptionbytheholinessoftheirbehaviour,theyatleastserveadmirablytoshowthecorruptionofnaturebysentimentssounnatural.

    Nothingissoimportanttomanashisownstate,nothingissoformidabletohimaseternity;andthusitisnotnaturalthatthereshouldbemenindifferenttothelossoftheirexistence,andtotheperilsofeverlastingsuffering.Theyarequitedifferentwithregardtoallotherthings.Theyareafraidofmeretrifles;theyforeseethem;theyfeelthem.Andthissamemanwhospendssomanydaysandnightsinrageanddespairforthelossofoffice,orforsomeimaginaryinsulttohishonour,istheveryonewhoknowswithoutanxietyandwithoutemotionthathewillloseallbydeath.Itisamonstrousthingtoseeinthesameheartandatthesametimethissensibilitytotriflesandthisstrangeinsensibilitytothegreatestobjects.Itisanincomprehensibleenchantment,andasupernaturalslumber,whichindicatesasitscauseanall-powerfulforce.

    Theremustbeastrangeconfusioninthenatureofman,thatheshouldboastofbeinginthatstateinwhichitseemsincrediblethatasingleindividualshouldbe.However,experiencehasshownmesogreatanumberofsuchpersonsthatthefactwouldbesurprising,ifwedidnotknowthatthegreaterpartofthosewhotroublethemselvesaboutthematteraredisingenuousandnot,infact,whattheysay.Theyarepeoplewhohavehearditsaidthatitisthefashiontobethusdaring.Itiswhattheycall"shakingofftheyoke,"andtheytrytoimitatethis.Butitwouldnotbedifficulttomakethemunderstandhowgreatlytheydeceivethemselvesinthusseekingesteem.Thisisnotthewaytogainit,evenIsayamongthosemenoftheworldwhotakeahealthyviewofthingsandwhoknowthattheonlywaytosucceedinthislifeistomakeourselvesappearhonourable,faithful,judicious,andcapableofusefulservicetoafriend;becausenaturallymenloveonlywhatmaybeusefultothem.Now,whatdowegainbyhearingitsaidofamanthathehasnowthrownofftheyoke,thathedoesnotbelievethereisaGodwhowatchesouractions,thatheconsidershimselfthesolemasterofhisconduct,andthathethinksheisaccountableforitonlytohimself.?Doeshethinkthathehasthusbroughtustohavehenceforthcompleteconfidenceinhimandtolooktohimforconsolation,advice,andhelpineveryneedoflife?Dotheyprofesstohavedelightedusbytellingusthattheyholdoursoultobeonlyalittlewindandsmoke,especiallybytellingusthisinahaughtyandself-satisfiedtoneofvoice?Isthisathingtosaygaily?Isitnot,onthecontrary,athingtosaysadly,asthesaddestthingintheworld?

    Iftheythoughtofitseriously,theywouldseethatthisissobadamistake,socontrarytogoodsense,soopposedtodecency,andsoremovedineveryrespectfromthatgoodbreedingwhichtheyseek,thattheywouldbemorelikelytocorrectthantopervertthosewhohadaninclinationtofollowthem.And,indeed,makethemgiveanaccountoftheiropinions,andofthereasonswhichtheyhavefordoubtingreligion,andtheywillsaytoyouthingssofeebleandsopetty,thattheypersuadeyouofthecontrary.Thefollowingiswhatapersononedaysaidtosuchaoneveryappositely:"Ifyoucontinuetotalkinthismanner,youwillreallymakemereligious."Andhewasright,forwhowouldnothaveahorrorofholdingopinionsinwhichhewouldhavesuchcontemptiblepersonsascompanions!

    Thusthosewhoonlyfeigntheseopinionswouldbeveryunhappy,iftheyrestrainedtheirnaturalfeelingsinordertomakethemselvesthemostconceitedofmen.If,atthebottomoftheirheart,theyaretroubledatnothavingmorelight,letthemnotdisguisethefact;thisavowalwillnotbeshameful.Theonlyshameistohavenone.Nothingrevealsmoreanextremeweaknessofmindthannottoknowthemiseryofagodlessman.Nothingismoreindicativeofabaddispositionofheartthannottodesirethetruthofeternalpromises.NothingismoredastardlythantoactwithbravadobeforeGod.Letthemthenleavetheseimpietiestothosewhoaresufficientlyill-bredtobereallycapableofthem.Letthematleastbehonestmen,iftheycannotbeChristians.Finally,letthemrecognisethattherearetwokindsofpeopleonecancallreasonable;thosewhoserveGodwithalltheirheartbecausetheyknowHim,andthosewhoseekHimwithalltheirheartbecausetheydonotknowHim.

    ButasforthosewholivewithoutknowingHimandwithoutseekingHim,theyjudgethemselvessolittleworthyoftheirowncare,thattheyarenotworthyofthecareofothers;anditneedsallthecharityofthereligionwhichtheydespise,nottodespisethemeventothepointofleavingthemtotheirfolly.Butbecausethisreligionobligesusalwaystoregardthem,solongastheyareinthislife,ascapableofthegracewhichcanenlightenthem,andtobelievethattheymay,inalittletime,bemorereplenishedwithfaiththanweare,andthat,ontheotherhand,wemayfallintotheblindnesswhereintheyare,wemustdoforthemwhatwewouldtheyshoulddoforusifwewereintheirplace,andcalluponthemtohavepityuponthemselves,andtotakeatleastsomestepsintheendeavourtofindlight.Letthemgivetoreadingthissomeofthehourswhichtheyotherwiseemploysouselessly;whateveraversiontheymaybringtothetask,theywillperhapsgainsomething,andatleastwillnotlosemuch.Butasforthosewhobringtothetaskperfectsincerityandarealdesiretomeetwithtruth,thoseIhopewillbesatisfiedandconvincedoftheproofsofareligionsodivine,whichIhaveherecollected,andinwhichIhavefollowedsomewhatafterthisorder

    195.BeforeenteringintotheproofsoftheChristianreligion,Ifinditnecessarytopointoutthesinfulnessofthosemenwholiveinindifferencetothesearchfortruthinamatterwhichissoimportanttothem,andwhichtouchesthemsonearly.

    Ofalltheirerrors,thisdoubtlessistheonewhichmostconvictsthemoffoolishnessandblindness,andinwhichitiseasiesttoconfoundthembythefirstglimmeringsofcommonsenseandbynaturalfeelings.

    Foritisnottobedoubtedthatthedurationofthislifeisbutamoment;thatthestateofdeathiseternal,whatevermaybeitsnature;andthatthusallouractionsandthoughtsmusttakesuchdifferentdirections,accordingtothestateofthateternity,thatitisimpossibletotakeonestepwithsenseandjudgement,unlessweregulateourcoursebythetruthofthatpointwhichoughttobeourultimateend.

    Thereisnothingclearerthanthis;andthus,accordingtotheprinciplesofreason,theconductofmeniswhollyunreasonable,iftheydonottakeanothercourse.

    Onthispoint,therefore,wecondemnthosewholivewithoutthoughtoftheultimateendoflife,wholetthemselvesbeguidedbytheirowninclinationsandtheirownpleasureswithoutreflectionandwithoutconcern,and,asiftheycouldannihilateeternitybyturningawaytheirthoughtfromit,thinkonlyofmakingthemselveshappyforthemoment.

    Yetthiseternityexists,anddeath,whichmustopenintoitandthreatensthemeveryhour,mustinalittletimeinfalliblyputthemunderthedreadfulnecessityofbeingeitherannihilatedorunhappyforever,withoutknowingwhichoftheseeternitiesisforeverpreparedforthem.

    Thisisadoubtofterribleconsequence.Theyareinperilofeternalwoeandthereupon,asifthematterwerenotworththetrouble,theyneglecttoinquirewhetherthisisoneofthoseopinionswhichpeoplereceivewithtoocredulousafacility,oroneofthosewhich,obscureinthemselves,haveaveryfirm,thoughhidden,foundation.Thustheyknownotwhethertherebetruthorfalsityinthematter,norwhethertherebestrengthorweaknessintheproofs.Theyhavethembeforetheireyes;theyrefusetolookatthem;andinthatignorancetheychooseallthatisnecessarytofallintothismisfortuneifitexists,toawaitdeathtomaketrialofit,yettobeverycontentinthisstate,tomakeprofessionofit,andindeedtoboastofit.Canwethinkseriouslyoftheimportanceofthissubjectwithoutbeinghorrifiedatconductsoextravagant?

    Thisrestinginignoranceisamonstrousthing,andtheywhopasstheirlifeinitmustbemadetofeelitsextravaganceandstupidity,byhavingitshowntothem,sothattheymaybeconfoundedbythesightoftheirfolly.Forthisishowmenreason,whentheychoosetoliveinsuchignoranceofwhattheyareandwithoutseekingenlightenment."Iknownot,"theysay

    196.Menlackheart;theywouldnotmakeafriendofit.

    197.Tobeinsensibletotheextentofdespisinginterestingthings,andtobecomeinsensibletothepointwhichinterestsusmost.

    198.Thesensibilityofmantotrifles,andhisinsensibilitytogreatthings,indicatesastrangeinversion.

    199.Letusimagineanumberofmeninchainsandallcondemnedtodeath,wheresomearekilledeachdayinthesightoftheothers,andthosewhoremainseetheirownfateinthatoftheirfellowsandwaittheirturn,lookingateachothersorrowfullyandwithouthope.Itisanimageoftheconditionofmen.

    200.Amaninadungeon,ignorantwhetherhissentencebepronouncedandhavingonlyonehourtolearnit,butthishourenough,ifheknewthatitispronounced,toobtainitsrepeal,wouldactunnaturallyinspendingthathour,notinascertaininghissentence,butinplayingpiquet.Soitisagainstnaturethatman,etc.ItismakingheavythehandofGod.

    ThusnotonlythezealofthosewhoseekHimprovesGod,butalsotheblindnessofthosewhoseekHimnot.

    201.Alltheobjectionsofthisoneandthatoneonlygoagainstthemselves,andnotagainstreligion.Allthatinfidelssay

    202.Fromthosewhoareindespairatbeingwithoutfaith,weseethatGoddoesnotenlightenthem;butastotherest,weseethereisaGodwhomakesthemblind.

    203.Fascinationugacitatis.¡XThatpassionmaynotharmus,letusactasifwehadonlyeighthourstolive.

    204.Ifweoughttodevoteeighthoursoflife,weoughttodevoteahundredyears.

    205.WhenIconsidertheshortdurationofmylife,swallowedupintheeternitybeforeandafter,thelittlespacewhichIfillandevencansee,engulfedintheinfiniteimmensityofspacesofwhichIamignorantandwhichknowmenot,Iamfrightenedandamastonishedatbeinghereratherthanthere;forthereisnoreasonwhyhereratherthanthere,whynowratherthanthen.Whohasputmehere?Bywhoseorderanddirectionhavethisplaceandtimebeenallottedtome?Memoriahospitisuniusdieipraetereuntis.

    206.Theeternalsilenceoftheseinfinitespacesfrightensme.

    207.Howmanykingdomsknowusnot!

    208.Whyismyknowledgelimited?Whymystature?Whymylifetoonehundredyearsratherthantoathousand?Whatreasonhasnaturehadforgivingmesuch,andforchoosingthisnumberratherthananotherintheinfinityofthosefromwhichthereisnomorereasontochooseonethananother,tryingnothingelse?

    209.Artthoulessaslavebybeinglovedandfavouredbythymaster?Thouartindeedwelloff,slave.Thymasterfavoursthee;hewillsoonbeatthee.

    210.Thelastactistragic,howeverhappyalltherestoftheplayis;atthelastalittleearthisthrownuponourhead,andthatistheendforever.

    211.Wearefoolstodependuponthesocietyofourfellow-men.Wretchedasweare,powerlessasweare,theywillnotaidus;weshalldiealone.Weshouldthereforeactasifwewerealone,andinthatcaseshouldwebuildfinehouses,etc.Weshouldseekthetruthwithouthesitation;and,ifwerefuseit,weshowthatwevaluetheesteemofmenmorethanthesearchfortruth.

    212.Instability.¡XItisahorriblethingtofeelallthatwepossessslippingaway.

    213.Betweenusandheavenorhellthereisonlylife,whichisthefrailestthingintheworld.

    214.Injustice.¡XThatpresumptionshouldbejoinedtomeannessisextremeinjustice.

    215.Tofeardeathwithoutdanger,andnotindanger,foronemustbeaman.

    216.Suddendeathaloneisfeared;henceconfessorsstaywithlords.

    217.Anheirfindsthetitle-deedsofhishouse.Willhesay,"Perhapstheyareforged"andneglecttoexaminethem?

    218.Dungeon.¡XIapproveofnotexaminingtheopinionofCopernicus;butthis!Itconcernsallourlifetoknowwhetherthesoulbemortalorimmortal.

    219.Itiscertainthatthemortalityorimmortalityofthesoulmustmakeanentiredifferencetomorality.Andyetphilosophershaveconstructedtheirethicsindependentlyofthis:theydiscusstopassanhour.

    Plato,toinclinetoChristianity.

    220.Thefallacyofphilosopherswhohavenotdiscussedtheimmortalityofthesoul.ThefallacyoftheirdilemmainMontaigne.

    221.Atheistsoughttosaywhatisperfectlyevident;nowitisnotperfectlyevidentthatthesoulismaterial.

    222.Atheists.¡XWhatreasonhavetheyforsayingthatwecannotrisefromthedead?Whatismoredifficult,tobebornortoriseagain;thatwhathasneverbeenshouldbe,orthatwhathasbeenshouldbeagain?Isitmoredifficulttocomeintoexistencethantoreturntoit?Habitmakestheoneappeareasytous;wantofhabitmakestheotherimpossible.Apopularwayofthinking!

    Whycannotavirginbearachild?Doesahennotlayeggswithoutacock?Whatdistinguishestheseoutwardlyfromothers?Andwhohastoldusthatthehenmaynotformthegermaswellasthecock?

    223.Whathavetheytosayagainsttheresurrection,andagainstthechild-bearingoftheVirgin?Whichisthemoredifficult,toproduceamanorananimal,ortoreproduceit?Andiftheyhadneverseenanyspeciesofanimals,couldtheyhaveconjecturedwhethertheywereproducedwithoutconnectionwitheachother?

    224.HowIhatethesefolliesofnotbelievingintheEucharist,etc.!IftheGospelbetrue,ifJesusChristbeGod,whatdifficultyisthere?

    225.Atheismshowsstrengthofmind,butonlytoacertaindegree.

    226.Infidels,whoprofesstofollowreason,oughttobeexceedinglystronginreason.Whatsaytheythen?"Dowenotsee,"saythey,"thatthebrutesliveanddielikemen,andTurkslikeChristians?Theyhavetheirceremonies,theirprophets,theirdoctors,theirsaints,theirmonks,likeus,"etc.(IsthiscontrarytoScripture?Doesitnotsayallthis?)

    Ifyoucarebutlittletoknowthetruth,hereisenoughofittoleaveyouinrepose.Butifyoudesirewithallyourhearttoknowit,itisnotenough;lookatitindetail.Thiswouldbesufficientforaquestioninphilosophy;butnothere,whereitconcernsyourall.Andyet,afteratriflingreflectionofthiskind,wegotoamuseourselves,etc.Letusinquireofthissamereligionwhetheritdoesnotgiveareasonforthisobscurity;perhapsitwillteachittous.

    227.Orderbydialogues.¡XWhatoughtItodo?Iseeonlydarknesseverywhere.ShallIbelieveIamnothing?ShallIbelieveIamGod?

    "Allthingschangeandsucceedeachother."Youaremistaken;thereis

    228.Objectionofatheists:"Butwehavenolight."

    229.ThisiswhatIseeandwhattroublesme.Ilookonallsides,andIseeonlydarknesseverywhere.Naturepresentstomenothingwhichisnotmatterofdoubtandconcern.IfIsawnothingtherewhichrevealedaDivinity,Iwouldcometoanegativeconclusion;ifIsaweverywherethesignsofaCreator,Iwouldremainpeacefullyinfaith.But,seeingtoomuchtodenyandtoolittletobesure,Iaminastatetobepitied;whereforeIhaveahundredtimeswishedthatifaGodmaintainsNature,sheshouldtestifytoHimunequivocally,andthat,ifthesignsshegivesaredeceptive,sheshouldsuppressthemaltogether;thatsheshouldsayeverythingornothing,thatImightseewhichcauseIoughttofollow.Whereasinmypresentstate,ignorantofwhatIamorofwhatIoughttodo,Iknowneithermyconditionnormyduty.Myheartinclineswhollytoknowwhereisthetruegood,inordertofollowit;nothingwouldbetoodeartomeforeternity.

    IenvythosewhomIseelivinginthefaithwithsuchcarelessnessandwhomakesuchabaduseofagiftofwhichitseemstomeIwouldmakesuchadifferentuse.

    230.ItisincomprehensiblethatGodshouldexist,anditisincomprehensiblethatHeshouldnotexist;thatthesoulshouldbejoinedtothebody,andthatweshouldhavenosoul;thattheworldshouldbecreated,andthatitshouldnotbecreated,etc.;thatoriginalsinshouldbe,andthatitshouldnotbe.

    231.DoyoubelieveittobeimpossiblethatGodisinfinite,withoutparts?Yes.Iwishthereforetoshowyouaninfiniteandindivisiblething.Itisapointmovingeverywherewithaninfinitevelocity;foritisoneinallplacesandisalltotalityineveryplace.

    Letthiseffectofnature,whichpreviouslyseemedtoyouimpossible,makeyouknowthattheremaybeothersofwhichyouarestillignorant.Donotdrawthisconclusionfromyourexperiment,thatthereremainsnothingforyoutoknow;butratherthatthereremainsaninfinityforyoutoknow.

    232.Infinitemovement,thepointwhichfillseverything,themomentofrest;infinitewithoutquantity,indivisibleandinfinite.

    233.Infinite¡Xnothing.¡XOursouliscastintoabody,whereitfindsnumber,dimension.Thereuponitreasons,andcallsthisnaturenecessity,andcanbelievenothingelse.

    Unityjoinedtoinfinityaddsnothingtoit,nomorethanonefoottoaninfinitemeasure.Thefiniteisannihilatedinthepresenceoftheinfinite,andbecomesapurenothing.SoourspiritbeforeGod,soourjusticebeforedivinejustice.ThereisnotsogreatadisproportionbetweenourjusticeandthatofGodasbetweenunityandinfinity.

    ThejusticeofGodmustbevastlikeHiscompassion.Nowjusticetotheoutcastislessvastandoughtlesstooffendourfeelingsthanmercytowardstheelect.

    Weknowthatthereisaninfinite,andareignorantofitsnature.Asweknowittobefalsethatnumbersarefinite,itisthereforetruethatthereisaninfinityinnumber.Butwedonotknowwhatitis.Itisfalsethatitiseven,itisfalsethatitisodd;fortheadditionofaunitcanmakenochangeinitsnature.Yetitisanumber,andeverynumberisoddoreven(thisiscertainlytrueofeveryfinitenumber).SowemaywellknowthatthereisaGodwithoutknowingwhatHeis.Istherenotonesubstantialtruth,seeingtherearesomanythingswhicharenotthetruthitself?

    Weknowthentheexistenceandnatureofthefinite,becausewealsoarefiniteandhaveextension.Weknowtheexistenceoftheinfiniteandareignorantofitsnature,becauseithasextensionlikeus,butnotlimitslikeus.ButweknowneithertheexistencenorthenatureofGod,becauseHehasneitherextensionnorlimits.

    ButbyfaithweknowHisexistence;ingloryweshallknowHisnature.Now,Ihavealreadyshownthatwemaywellknowtheexistenceofathing,withoutknowingitsnature.

    Letusnowspeakaccordingtonaturallights.

    IfthereisaGod,Heisinfinitelyincomprehensible,since,havingneitherpartsnorlimits,Hehasnoaffinitytous.WearethenincapableofknowingeitherwhatHeisorifHeis.Thisbeingso,whowilldaretoundertakethedecisionofthequestion?Notwe,whohavenoaffinitytoHim.

    WhothenwillblameChristiansfornotbeingabletogiveareasonfortheirbelief,sincetheyprofessareligionforwhichtheycannotgiveareason?Theydeclare,inexpoundingittotheworld,thatitisafoolishness,stultitiam;andthenyoucomplainthattheydonotproveit!Iftheyprovedit,theywouldnotkeeptheirword;itisinlackingproofsthattheyarenotlackinginsense."Yes,butalthoughthisexcusesthosewhoofferitassuchandtakesawayfromthemtheblameofputtingitforwardwithoutreason,itdoesnotexcusethosewhoreceiveit."Letusthenexaminethispoint,andsay,"Godis,orHeisnot."Buttowhichsideshallweincline?Reasoncandecidenothinghere.Thereisaninfinitechaoswhichseparatedus.Agameisbeingplayedattheextremityofthisinfinitedistancewhereheadsortailswillturnup.Whatwillyouwager?Accordingtoreason,youcandoneithertheonethingnortheother;accordingtoreason,youcandefendneitherofthepropositions.

    Donot,then,reproveforerrorthosewhohavemadeachoice;foryouknownothingaboutit."No,butIblamethemforhavingmade,notthischoice,butachoice;foragainbothhewhochoosesheadsandhewhochoosestailsareequallyatfault,theyarebothinthewrong.Thetruecourseisnottowageratall."

    Yes;butyoumustwager.Itisnotoptional.Youareembarked.Whichwillyouchoosethen?Letussee.Sinceyoumustchoose,letusseewhichinterestsyouleast.Youhavetwothingstolose,thetrueandthegood;andtwothingstostake,yourreasonandyourwill,yourknowledgeandyourhappiness;andyournaturehastwothingstoshun,errorandmisery.Yourreasonisnomoreshockedinchoosingoneratherthantheother,sinceyoumustofnecessitychoose.Thisisonepointsettled.Butyourhappiness?LetusweighthegainandthelossinwageringthatGodis.Letusestimatethesetwochances.Ifyougain,yougainall;ifyoulose,youlosenothing.Wager,then,withouthesitationthatHeis."Thatisveryfine.Yes,Imustwager;butImayperhapswagertoomuch."Letussee.Sincethereisanequalriskofgainandofloss,ifyouhadonlytogaintwolives,insteadofone,youmightstillwager.Butiftherewerethreelivestogain,youwouldhavetoplay(sinceyouareunderthenecessityofplaying),andyouwouldbeimprudent,whenyouareforcedtoplay,nottochanceyourlifetogainthreeatagamewherethereisanequalriskoflossandgain.Butthereisaneternityoflifeandhappiness.Andthisbeingso,iftherewereaninfinityofchances,ofwhichoneonlywouldbeforyou,youwouldstillberightinwageringonetowintwo,andyouwouldactstupidly,beingobligedtoplay,byrefusingtostakeonelifeagainstthreeatagameinwhichoutofaninfinityofchancesthereisoneforyou,iftherewereaninfinityofaninfinitelyhappylifetogain.Butthereishereaninfinityofaninfinitelyhappylifetogain,achanceofgainagainstafinitenumberofchancesofloss,andwhatyoustakeisfinite.Itisalldivided;where-evertheinfiniteisandthereisnotaninfinityofchancesoflossagainstthatofgain,thereisnotimetohesitate,youmustgiveall.Andthus,whenoneisforcedtoplay,hemustrenouncereasontopreservehislife,ratherthanriskitforinfinitegain,aslikelytohappenasthelossofnothingness.

    Foritisnousetosayitisuncertainifwewillgain,anditiscertainthatwerisk,andthattheinfinitedistancebetweenthecertainlyofwhatisstakedandtheuncertaintyofwhatwillbegained,equalsthefinitegoodwhichiscertainlystakedagainsttheuncertaininfinite.Itisnotso,aseveryplayerstakesacertaintytogainanuncertainty,andyethestakesafinitecertaintytogainafiniteuncertainty,withouttransgressingagainstreason.Thereisnotaninfinitedistancebetweenthecertaintystakedandtheuncertaintyofthegain;thatisuntrue.Intruth,thereisaninfinitybetweenthecertaintyofgainandthecertaintyofloss.Buttheuncertaintyofthegainisproportionedtothecertaintyofthestakeaccordingtotheproportionofthechancesofgainandloss.Henceitcomesthat,ifthereareasmanyrisksononesideasontheother,thecourseistoplayeven;andthenthecertaintyofthestakeisequaltotheuncertaintyofthegain,sofarisitfromfactthatthereisaninfinitedistancebetweenthem.Andsoourpropositionisofinfiniteforce,whenthereisthefinitetostakeinagamewherethereareequalrisksofgainandofloss,andtheinfinitetogain.Thisisdemonstrable;andifmenarecapableofanytruths,thisisone.

    "Iconfessit,Iadmitit.But,still,istherenomeansofseeingthefacesofthecards?"Yes,Scriptureandtherest,etc."Yes,butIhavemyhandstiedandmymouthclosed;Iamforcedtowager,andamnotfree.Iamnotreleased,andamsomadethatIcannotbelieve.What,then,wouldyouhavemedo?"

    True.Butatleastlearnyourinabilitytobelieve,sincereasonbringsyoutothis,andyetyoucannotbelieve.Endeavour,then,toconvinceyourself,notbyincreaseofproofsofGod,butbytheabatementofyourpassions.Youwouldliketoattainfaithanddonotknowtheway;youwouldliketocureyourselfofunbeliefandasktheremedyforit.Learnofthosewhohavebeenboundlikeyou,andwhonowstakealltheirpossessions.Thesearepeoplewhoknowthewaywhichyouwouldfollow,andwhoarecuredofanillofwhichyouwouldbecured.Followthewaybywhichtheybegan;byactingasiftheybelieved,takingtheholywater,havingmassessaid,etc.Eventhiswillnaturallymakeyoubelieve,anddeadenyouracuteness."ButthisiswhatIamafraidof."Andwhy?Whathaveyoutolose?

    Buttoshowyouthatthisleadsyouthere,itisthiswhichwilllessenthepassions,whichareyourstumbling-blocks.

    Theendofthisdiscourse.¡XNow,whatharmwillbefallyouintakingthisside?Youwillbefaithful,humble,grateful,generous,asincerefriend,truthful.Certainlyyouwillnothavethosepoisonouspleasures,gloryandluxury;butwillyounothaveothers?Iwilltellyouthatyouwilltherebygaininthislife,andthat,ateachstepyoutakeonthisroad,youwillseesogreatcertaintyofgain,somuchnothingnessinwhatyourisk,thatyouwillatlastrecognisethatyouhavewageredforsomethingcertainandinfinite,forwhichyouhavegivennothing.

    "Ah!Thisdiscoursetransportsme,charmsme,"etc.

    Ifthisdiscoursepleasesyouandseemsimpressive,knowthatitismadebyamanwhohasknelt,bothbeforeandafterit,inprayertothatBeing,infiniteandwithoutparts,beforewhomhelaysallhehas,foryoualsotolaybeforeHimallyouhaveforyourowngoodandforHisglory,thatsostrengthmaybegiventolowliness.

    234.Ifwemustnotactsaveonacertainty,weoughtnottoactonreligion,foritisnotcertain.Buthowmanythingswedoonanuncertainty,seavoyages,battles!Isaythenwemustdonothingatall,fornothingiscertain,andthatthereismorecertaintyinreligionthanthereisastowhetherwemayseeto-morrow;foritisnotcertainthatwemayseeto-morrow,anditiscertainlypossiblethatwemaynot,seeit.Wecannotsayasmuchaboutreligion.Itisnotcertainthatitis;butwhowillventuretosaythatitiscertainlypossiblethatitisnot?Nowwhenweworkforto-morrow,andsoonanuncertainty,weactreasonably;forweoughttoworkforanuncertaintyaccordingtothedoctrineofchancewhichwasdemonstratedabove.

    SaintAugustinehasseenthatweworkforanuncertainty,onsea,inbattle,etc.Buthehasnotseenthedoctrineofchancewhichprovesthatweshoulddoso.Montaignehasseenthatweareshockedatafool,andthathabitisall-powerful;buthehasnotseenthereasonofthiseffect.

    Allthesepersonshaveseentheeffects,buttheyhavenotseenthecauses.Theyare,incomparisonwiththosewhohavediscoveredthecauses,asthosewhohaveonlyeyesareincomparisonwiththosewhohaveintellect.Fortheeffectsareperceptiblebysense,andthecausesarevisibleonlytotheintellect.Andalthoughtheseeffectsareseenbythemind,thismindis,incomparisonwiththemindwhichseesthecauses,asthebodilysensesareincomparisonwiththeintellect.

    235.Remviderunt,causamnonviderunt.

    236.Accordingtothedoctrineofchance,yououghttoputyourselftothetroubleofsearchingforthetruth;forifyoudiewithoutworshippingtheTrueCause,youarelost."But,"sayyou,"ifHehadwishedmetoworshipHim,HewouldhaveleftmesignsofHiswill."Hehasdoneso;butyouneglectthem.Seekthem,therefore;itiswellworthit.

    237.Chances.¡XWemustlivedifferentlyintheworld,accordingtothesedifferentassumptions:(1)thatwecouldalwaysremaininit;(2)thatitiscertainthatweshallnotremainherelong,anduncertainifweshallremainhereonehour.Thislastassumptionisourcondition.

    238.Whatdoyouthenpromiseme,inadditiontocertaintroubles,buttenyearsofself-love(fortenyearsisthechance),totryhardtopleasewithoutsuccess?

    239.Objection.¡XThosewhohopeforsalvationaresofarhappy;buttheyhaveasacounterpoisethefearofhell.

    Reply.¡XWhohasmostreasontofearhell:hewhoisinignorancewhetherthereisahell,andwhoiscertainofdamnationifthereis;orhewhocertainlybelievesthereisahellandhopestobesavedifthereis?

    240."Iwouldsoonhaverenouncedpleasure,"saythey,"hadIfaith."FormypartItellyou,"Youwouldsoonhavefaith,ifyourenouncedpleasure."Now,itisforyoutobegin.IfIcould,Iwouldgiveyoufaith.Icannotdoso,northereforetestthetruthofwhatyousay.ButyoucanwellrenouncepleasureandtestwhetherwhatIsayistrue.

    241.Order.¡XIwouldhavefarmorefearofbeingmistaken,andoffindingthattheChristianreligionwastrue,thanofnotbeingmistakeninbelievingittrue.

    SECTIONIV:OFTHEMEANSOFBELIEF

    242.Prefacetothesecondpart.¡XTospeakofthosewhohavetreatedofthismatter.

    IadmiretheboldnesswithwhichthesepersonsundertaketospeakofGod.Inaddressingtheirargumenttoinfidels,theirfirstchapteristoproveDivinityfromtheworksofnature.Ishouldnotbeastonishedattheirenterprise,iftheywereaddressingtheirargumenttothefaithful;foritiscertainthatthosewhohavethelivingfaithintheirheartsseeatoncethatallexistenceisnoneotherthantheworkoftheGodwhomtheyadore.Butforthoseinwhomthislightisextinguished,andinwhomwepurposetorekindleit,personsdestituteoffaithandgrace,who,seekingwithalltheirlightwhatevertheyseeinnaturethatcanbringthemtothisknowledge,findonlyobscurityanddarkness;totellthemthattheyhaveonlytolookatthesmallestthingswhichsurroundthem,andtheywillseeGodopenly,togivethem,asacompleteproofofthisgreatandimportantmatter,thecourseofthemoonandplanets,andtoclaimtohaveconcludedtheproofwithsuchanargument,istogivethemgroundforbelievingthattheproofsofourreligionareveryweak.AndIseebyreasonandexperiencethatnothingismorecalculatedtoarousetheircontempt.

    ItisnotafterthismannerthatScripturespeaks,whichhasabetterknowledgeofthethingsthatareofGod.Itsays,onthecontrary,thatGodisahiddenGod,andthat,sincethecorruptionofnature,HehasleftmeninadarknessfromwhichtheycanescapeonlythroughJesusChrist,withoutwhomallcommunionwithGodiscutoff.NemonovitPatrem,nisiFilius,etcuivolueritFiliusrevelare.

    ThisiswhatScripturepointsouttous,whenitsaysinsomanyplacesthatthosewhoseekGodfindHim.Itisnotofthatlight,"likethenoondaysun,"thatthisissaid.Wedonotsaythatthosewhoseekthenoondaysun,orwaterinthesea,shallfindthem;andhencetheevidenceofGodmustnotbeofthisnature.Soittellsuselsewhere:VeretuesDeusabsconditus.

    243.ItisanastoundingfactthatnocanonicalwriterhasevermadeuseofnaturetoproveGod.TheyallstrivetomakeusbelieveinHim.David,Solomon,etc.,haveneversaid,"Thereisnovoid,thereforethereisaGod."Theymusthavehadmoreknowledgethanthemostlearnedpeoplewhocameafterthem,andwhohaveallmadeuseofthisargument.Thisisworthyofattention.

    244."Why!DoyounotsayyourselfthattheheavensandbirdsproveGod?"No."Anddoesyourreligionnotsayso"?No.ForalthoughitistrueinasenseforsomesoulstowhomGodgivesthislight,yetitisfalsewithrespecttothemajorityofmen.

    245.Therearethreesourcesofbelief:reason,custom,inspiration.TheChristianreligion,whichalonehasreason,doesnotacknowledgeashertruechildrenthosewhobelievewithoutinspiration.Itisnotthatsheexcludesreasonandcustom.Onthecontrary,themindmustbeopenedtoproofs,mustbeconfirmedbycustomandofferitselfinhumblenesstoinspirations,whichalonecanproduceatrueandsavingeffect.NeevacueturcruxChristi.

    246.Order.¡XAftertheletterThatweoughttoseekGod,towritetheletterOnremovingobstacles,whichisthediscourseon"themachine,"onpreparingthemachine,onseekingbyreason.

    247.Order.¡XAletterofexhortationtoafriendtoinducehimtoseek.Andhewillreply,"Butwhatistheuseofseeking?Nothingisseen."Thentoreplytohim,"Donotdespair."Andhewillanswerthathewouldbegladtofindsomelight,butthat,accordingtothisveryreligion,ifhebelievedinit,itwillbeofnousetohim,andthatthereforeheprefersnottoseek.Andtoanswertothat:Themachine.

    248.Aletterwhichindicatestheuseofproofsbythemachine.¡XFaithisdifferentfromproof;theoneishuman,theotherisagiftofGod.Justusexfidevivit.ItisthisfaiththatGodHimselfputsintotheheart,ofwhichtheproofisoftentheinstrument,fidesexauditu;butthisfaithisintheheart,andmakesusnotsayscio,butcredo.

    249.Itissuperstitiontoputone-shopeinformalities;butitispridetobeunwillingtosubmittothem.

    250.TheexternalmustbejoinedtotheinternaltoobtainanythingfromGod,thatistosay,wemustkneel,praywiththelips,etc.,inorderthatproudman,whowouldnotsubmithimselftoGod,maybenowsubjecttothecreature.Toexpecthelpfromtheseexternalsissuperstition;torefusetojointhemtotheinternalispride.

    251.Otherreligions,asthepagan,aremorepopular,fortheyconsistinexternals.Buttheyarenotforeducatedpeople.Apurelyintellectualreligionwouldbemoresuitedtothelearned,butitwouldbeofnousetothecommonpeople.TheChristianreligionaloneisadaptedtoall,beingcomposedofexternalsandinternals.Itraisesthecommonpeopletotheinternal,andhumblestheproudtotheexternal;itisnotperfectwithoutthetwo,forthepeoplemustunderstandthespiritoftheletter,andthelearnedmustsubmittheirspirittotheletter.

    252.Forwemustnotmisunderstandourselves;weareasmuchautomaticasintellectual;andhenceitcomesthattheinstrumentbywhichconvictionisattainedisnotdemonstratedalone.Howfewthingsaredemonstrated!Proofsonlyconvincethemind.Customisthesourceofourstrongestandmostbelievedproofs.Itbendstheautomaton,whichpersuadesthemindwithoutitsthinkingaboutthematter.Whohasdemonstratedthattherewillbeato-morrowandthatweshalldie?Andwhatismorebelieved?Itis,then,customwhichpersuadesusofit;itiscustomthatmakessomanymenChristians;customthatmakesthemTurks,heathens,artisans,soldiers,etc.(FaithinbaptismismorereceivedamongChristiansthanamongTurks.)Finally,wemusthaverecoursetoitwhenoncethemindhasseenwherethetruthis,inordertoquenchourthirst,andsteepourselvesinthatbelief,whichescapesusateveryhour;foralwaystohaveproofsreadyistoomuchtrouble.Wemustgetaneasierbelief,whichisthatofcustom,which,withoutviolence,withoutart,withoutargument,makesusbelievethingsandinclinesallourpowerstothisbelief,sothatoursoulfallsnaturallyintoit.Itisnotenoughtobelieveonlybyforceofconviction,whentheautomatonisinclinedtobelievethecontrary.Bothourpartsmustbemadetobelieve,themindbyreasonswhichitissufficienttohaveseenonceinalifetime,andtheautomatonbycustom,andbynotallowingittoinclinetothecontrary.Inclinacormeum,Deus.

    Thereasonactsslowly,withsomanyexaminationsandonsomanyprinciples,whichmustbealwayspresent,thatateveryhouritfallsasleep,orwanders,throughwantofhavingallitsprinciplespresent.Feelingdoesnotactthus;itactsinamoment,andisalwaysreadytoact.Wemustthenputourfaithinfeeling;otherwiseitwillbealwaysvacillating.

    253.Twoextremes:toexcludereason,toadmitreasononly.

    254.Itisnotararethingtohavetoreprovetheworldfortoomuchdocility.Itisanaturalvicelikecredulity,andaspernicious.Superstition.

    255.Pietyisdifferentfromsuperstition.

    Tocarrypietyasfarassuperstitionistodestroyit.

    Thehereticsreproachusforthissuperstitioussubmission.Thisistodowhattheyreproachusfor

    Infidelity,nottobelieveintheEucharist,becauseitisnotseen.

    Superstitiontobelievepropositions.Faith,etc.

    256.IsaytherearefewtrueChristians,evenasregardsfaith.Therearemanywhobelievebutfromsuperstition.Therearemanywhodonotbelievesolelyfromwickedness.Fewarebetweenthetwo.

    InthisIdonotincludethosewhoareoftrulypiouscharacter,norallthosewhobelievefromafeelingintheirheart.

    257.Thereareonlythreekindsofpersons;thosewhoserveGod,havingfoundHim;otherswhoareoccupiedinseekingHim,nothavingfoundHim;whiletheremainderlivewithoutseekingHimandwithouthavingfoundHim.Thefirstarereasonableandhappy,thelastarefoolishandunhappy;thosebetweenareunhappyandreasonable.

    258.UnusquisquesibiDeumfingit.

    Disgust

    259.Ordinarypeoplehavethepowerofnotthinkingofthataboutwhichtheydonotwishtothink."DonotmeditateonthepassagesabouttheMessiah,saidtheJewtohisson.Thusourpeopleoftenact.Thusarefalsereligionspreserved,andeventhetrueone,inregardtomanypersons.

    Buttherearesomewhohavenotthepowerofthuspreventingthought,andwhothinksomuchthemoreastheyareforbidden.Theseundofalsereligionsandeventhetrueone,iftheydonotfindsolidarguments.

    260.Theyhidethemselvesinthepressandcallnumberstotheirrescue.Tumult.

    Authority.¡XSofarfrommakingitaruletobelieveathingbecauseyouhaveheardit,yououghttobelievenothingwithoutputtingyourselfintothepositionasifyouhadneverheardit.

    Itisyourownassenttoyourself,andtheconstantvoiceofyourownreason,andnotofothers,thatshouldmakeyoubelieve.

    Beliefissoimportant!Ahundredcontradictionsmightbetrue.Ifantiquityweretheruleofbelief,menofancienttimewouldthenbewithoutrule.Ifgeneralconsent,ifmenhadperished?

    Falsehumanity,pride.

    Liftthecurtain.Youtryinvain;ifyoumusteitherbelieve,ordeny,ordoubt.Shallwethenhavenorule?Wejudgethatanimalsdowellwhattheydo.Istherenorulewherebytojudgemen?

    Todeny,tobelieve,andtodoubtwell,aretoamanwhattheraceistoahorse.

    Punishmentofthosewhosin,error.

    261.Thosewhodonotlovethetruthtakeasapretextthatitisdisputed,andthatamultitudedenyit.Andsotheirerrorarisesonlyfromthis,thattheydonotloveeithertruthorcharity.Thustheyarewithoutexcuse.

    262.Superstitionandlust.Scruples,evildesires.Evilfear;fear,notsuchascomesfromabeliefinGod,butsuchascomesfromadoubtwhetherHeexistsornot.Truefearcomesfromfaith;falsefearcomesfromdoubt.Truefearisjoinedtohope,becauseitisbornoffaith,andbecausemenhopeintheGodinwhomtheybelieve.Falsefearisjoinedtodespair,becausemenfeartheGodinwhomtheyhavenobelief.TheformerfeartoloseHim;thelatterfeartofindHim.

    263."Amiracle,"saysone,"wouldstrengthenmyfaith."Hesayssowhenhedoesnotseeone.Reasons,seenfromafar,appeartolimitourview;butwhentheyarereached,webegintoseebeyond.Nothingstopsthenimblenessofourmind.Thereisnorule,saywe,whichhasnotsomeexceptions,notruthsogeneralwhichhasnotsomeaspectinwhichitfails.Itissufficientthatitbenotabsolutelyuniversaltogiveusapretextforapplyingtheexceptionstothepresentsubjectandforsaying,"Thisisnotalwaystrue;therearethereforecaseswhereitisnotso."Itonlyremainstoshowthatthisisoneofthem;andthatiswhyweareveryawkwardorunlucky,ifwedonotfindonesomeday.

    264.Wedonotwearyofeatingandsleepingeveryday,forhungerandsleepinessrecur.Withoutthatweshouldwearyofthem.So,withoutthehungerforspiritualthings,wewearyofthem.Hungerafterrighteousness,theeighthbeautitude.

    265.Faithindeedtellswhatthesensesdonottell,butnotthecontraryofwhattheysee.Itisabovethemandnotcontrarytothem.

    266.Howmanystarshavetelescopesrevealedtouswhichdidnotexistforourphilosophersofold!WefreelyattackHolyScriptureonthegreatnumberofstars,saying,"Thereareonlyonethousandandtwenty-eight,weknowit."Thereisgrassontheearth,weseeit¡Xfromthemoonwewouldnotseeit¡Xandonthegrassareleaves,andintheseleavesaresmallanimals;butafterthatnomore.Opresumptuousman!Thecompoundsarecomposedofelements,andtheelementsnot.Opresumptuousman!Hereisafinereflection.Wemustnotsaythatthereisanythingwhichwedonotsee.Wemustthentalklikeothers,butnotthinklikethem.

    267.Thelastproceedingofreasonistorecognisethatthereisaninfinityofthingswhicharebeyondit.Itisbutfeebleifitdoesnotseesofarastoknowthis.Butifnaturalthingsarebeyondit,whatwillbesaidofsupernatural?

    268.Submission.¡XWemustknowwheretodoubt,wheretofeelcertain,wheretosubmit.Hewhodoesnotdosounderstandsnottheforceofreason.Therearesomewhooffendagainstthesethreerules,eitherbyaffirmingeverythingasdemonstrative,fromwantofknowingwhatdemonstrationis;orbydoubtingeverything,fromwantofknowingwheretosubmit;orbysubmittingineverything,fromwantofknowingwheretheymustjudge.

    269.SubmissionistheuseofreasoninwhichconsiststrueChristianity.

    270.SaintAugustine.¡XReasonwouldneversubmit,ifitdidnotjudgethattherearesomeoccasionsonwhichitoughttosubmit.Itisthenrightforittosubmit,whenitjudgesthatitoughttosubmit.

    271.Wisdomsendsustochildhood.Nisiefficiaminisicutparvuli.

    272.Thereisnothingsoconformabletoreasonasthisdisavowalofreason.

    273.Ifwesubmiteverythingtoreason,ourreligionwillhavenomysteriousandsupernaturalelement.Ifweoffendtheprinciplesofreason,ourreligionwillbeabsurdandridiculous.

    274.Allourreasoningreducesitselftoyieldingtofeeling.

    Butfancyislike,thoughcontraryto,feeling,sothatwecannotdistinguishbetweenthesecontraries.Onepersonsaysthatmyfeelingisfancy,anotherthathisfancyisfeeling.Weshouldhavearule.Reasonoffersitself;butitispliableineverysense;andthusthereisnorule.

    275.Menoftentaketheirimaginationfortheirheart;andtheybelievetheyareconvertedassoonastheythinkofbeingconverted.

    276.M.deRoannezsaid:"Reasonscometomeafterwards,butatfirstathingpleasesorshocksmewithoutmyknowingthereason,andyetitshocksmeforthatreasonwhichIonlydiscoverafterwards."ButIbelieve,notthatitshockedhimforthereasonswhichwerefoundafterwards,butthatthesereasonswereonlyfoundbecauseitshockedhim.

    277.Thehearthasitsreasons,whichreasondoesnotknow.Wefeelitinathousandthings.IsaythattheheartnaturallylovestheUniversalBeing,andalsoitselfnaturally,accordingasitgivesitselftothem;andithardensitselfagainstoneortheotheratitswill.Youhaverejectedtheoneandkepttheother.Isitbyreasonthatyouloveyourself?

    278.ItistheheartwhichexperiencesGod,andnotthereason.This,then,isfaith:Godfeltbytheheart,notbythereason.

    FaithisagiftofGod;donotbelievethatwesaiditwasagiftofreasoning.Otherreligionsdonotsaythisoftheirfaith.Theyonlygivereasoninginordertoarriveatit,andyetitdoesnotbringthemtoit.

    279.FaithisagiftofGod;donotbelievethatwesaiditwasagiftofreasoning.Otherreligionsdonotsaythisoftheirfaith.Theyonlygavereasoninginordertoarriveatit,andyetitdoesnotbringthemtoit.

    280.TheknowledgeofGodisveryfarfromtheloveofHim.

    281.Heart,instinct,principles.

    282.Weknowtruth,notonlybythereason,butalsobytheheart,anditisinthislastwaythatweknowfirstprinciples;andreason,whichhasnopartinit,triesinvaintoimpugnthem.Thesceptics,whohaveonlythisfortheirobject,labourtonopurpose.Weknowthatwedonotdream,and,howeverimpossibleitisforustoproveitbyreason,thisinabilitydemonstratesonlytheweaknessofourreason,butnot,astheyaffirm,theuncertaintyofallourknowledge.Fortheknowledgeoffirstprinciples,asspace,time,motion,number,isassureasanyofthosewhichwegetfromreasoning.Andreasonmusttrusttheseintuitionsoftheheart,andmustbasethemoneveryargument.(Wehaveintuitiveknowledgeofthetri-dimensionalnatureofspaceandoftheinfinityofnumber,andreasonthenshowsthattherearenotwosquarenumbersoneofwhichisdoubleoftheother.Principlesareintuited,propositionsareinferred,allwithcertainty,thoughindifferentways.)Anditisasuselessandabsurdforreasontodemandfromtheheartproofsofherfirstprinciples,beforeadmittingthem,asitwouldbeforthehearttodemandfromreasonanintuitionofalldemonstratedpropositionsbeforeacceptingthem.

    Thisinabilityought,then,toserveonlytohumblereason,whichwouldjudgeall,butnottoimpugnourcertainty,asifonlyreasonwerecapableofinstructingus.WouldtoGod,onthecontrary,thatwehadneverneedofit,andthatwekneweverythingbyinstinctandintuition!Butnaturehasrefusedusthisboon.Onthecontrary,shehasgivenusbutverylittleknowledgeofthiskind;andalltherestcanbeacquiredonlybyreasoning.

    Therefore,thosetowhomGodhasimpartedreligionbyintuitionareveryfortunateandjustlyconvinced.Buttothosewhodonothaveit,wecangiveitonlybyreasoning,waitingforGodtogivethemspiritualinsight,withoutwhichfaithisonlyhumananduselessforsalvation.

    283.Order.¡XAgainsttheobjectionthatScripturehasnoorder.

    Thehearthasitsownorder;theintellecthasitsown,whichisbyprincipleanddemonstration.Thehearthasanother.Wedonotprovethatweoughttobelovedbyenumeratinginorderthecausesoflove;thatwouldberidiculous.

    JesusChristandSaintPaulemploytheruleoflove,notofintellect;fortheywouldwarm,notinstruct.ItisthesamewithSaintAugustine.Thisorderconsistschieflyindigressionsoneachpointtoindicatetheend,andkeepitalwaysinsight.

    284.Donotwondertoseesimplepeoplebelievewithoutreasoning.GodimpartstothemloveofHimandhatredofself.Heinclinestheirhearttobelieve.Menwillneverbelievewithasavingandrealfaith,unlessGodinclinestheirheart;andtheywillbelieveassoonasHeinclinesit.AndthisiswhatDavidknewwell,whenhesaid:Inclinacormeum,Deus,in

    285.Religionissuitedtoallkindsofminds.Somepayattentiononlytoitsestablishment,andthisreligionissuchthatitsveryestablishmentsufficestoproveitstruth.Otherstraceiteventotheapostles.Themorelearnedgobacktothebeginningoftheworld.Theangelsseeitbetterstill,andfromamoredistanttime.

    286.ThosewhobelievewithouthavingreadtheTestaments,dosobecausetheyhaveaninwarddispositionentirelyholy,andallthattheyhearofourreligionconformstoit.TheyfeelthataGodhasmadethem;theydesireonlytoloveGod;theydesiretohatethemselvesonly.Theyfeelthattheyhavenostrengthinthemselves;thattheyareincapableofcomingtoGod;andthatifGoddoesnotcometothem,theycanhavenocommunionwithHim.AndtheyhearourreligionsaythatmenmustloveGodonly,andhateselfonly;butthat,allbeingcorruptandunworthyofGod,GodmadeHimselfmantouniteHimselftous.Nomoreisrequiredtopersuademenwhohavethisdispositionintheirheart,andwhohavethisknowledgeoftheirdutyandoftheirinefficiency.

    287.ThosewhomweseetobeChristianswithouttheknowledgeoftheprophetsandevidences,neverthelessjudgeoftheirreligionaswellasthosewhohavethatknowledge.Theyjudgeofitbytheheart,asothersjudgeofitbytheintellect.Godhimselfinclinesthemtobelieve,andthustheyaremosteffectivelyconvinced.

    IconfessindeedthatoneofthoseChristianswhobelievewithoutproofswillnot,perhaps,becapableofconvincinganinfidelwhowillsaythesameofhimself.ButthosewhoknowtheproofsofreligionwillprovewithoutdifficultythatsuchabelieveristrulyinspiredbyGod,thoughhecannotproveithimself.

    ForGodhavingsaidinHisprophecies(whichareundoubtedlyprophecies)thatinthereignofJesusChristHewouldspreadHisspiritabroadamongnations,andthattheyouthsandmaidensandchildrenoftheChurchwouldprophesy;itiscertainthattheSpiritofGodisintheseandnotintheothers.

    288.InsteadofcomplainingthatGodhadhiddenHimself,youwillgiveHimthanksfornothavingrevealedsomuchofHimself;andyouwillalsogiveHimthanksfornothavingrevealedHimselftohaughtysages,unworthytoknowsoholyaGod.

    TwokindsofpersonsknowHim:thosewhohaveahumbleheart,andwholovelowliness,whateverkindofintellecttheymayhave,highorlow;andthosewhohavesufficientunderstandingtoseethetruth,whateveroppositiontheymayhavetoit.

    289.Proof.¡X1.TheChristianreligion,byitsestablishment,havingestablisheditselfsostrongly,sogently,whilstsocontrarytonature.2.Thesanctity,thedignity,andthehumilityofaChristiansoul.3.ThemiraclesofHolyScripture.4.JesusChristinparticular.5.Theapostlesinparticular.6.Mosesandtheprophetsinparticular.7.TheJewishpeople.8.Theprophecies.9.Perpetuity;noreligionhasperpetuity.10.Thedoctrinewhichgivesareasonforeverything.11.Thesanctityofthislaw.12.Bythecourseoftheworld.

    Surely,afterconsideringwhatislifeandwhatisreligion,weshouldnotrefusetoobeytheinclinationtofollowit,ifitcomesintoourheart;anditiscertainthatthereisnogroundforlaughingatthosewhofollowit.

    290.Proofsofreligion.¡XMorality,doctrine,miracles,prophecies,types.

    SECTIONV:JUSTICEANDTHEREASONOFEFFECTS

    291.IntheletterOnInjusticecancometheridiculousnessofthelawthattheeldergetsall."Myfriend,youwerebornonthissideofthemountain,itisthereforejustthatyourelderbrothergetseverything."

    "Whydoyoukillme"?

    292.Helivesontheothersideofthewater.

    293."Whydoyoukillme?What!doyounotliveontheothersideofthewater?Ifyoulivedonthisside,myfriend,Ishouldbeanassassin,anditwouldbeunjusttoslayyouinthismanner.Butsinceyouliveontheotherside,Iamahero,anditisjust."

    294.Onwhatshallmanfoundtheorderoftheworldwhichhewouldgovern?Shallitbeonthecapriceofeachindividual?Whatconfusion!Shallitbeonjustice?Manisignorantofit.

    Certainly,hadheknownit,hewouldnothaveestablishedthismaxim,themostgeneralofallthatobtainamongmen,thateachshouldfollowthecustomofhisowncountry.Thegloryoftrueequitywouldhavebroughtallnationsundersubjection,andlegislatorswouldnothavetakenastheirmodelthefanciesandcapriceofPersiansandGermansinsteadofthisunchangingjustice.WewouldhaveseenitsetupinalltheStatesonearthandinalltimes;whereasweseeneitherjusticenorinjusticewhichdoesnotchangeitsnaturewithchangeinclimate.Threedegreesoflatitudereversealljurisprudence;ameridiandecidesthetruth.Fundamentallawschangeafterafewyearsofpossession;righthasitsepochs;theentryofSaturnintotheLionmarkstoustheoriginofsuchandsuchacrime.Astrangejusticethatisboundedbyariver!TruthonthissideofthePyrenees,errorontheotherside.

    Menadmitthatjusticedoesnotconsistinthesecustoms,butthatitresidesinnaturallaws,commontoeverycountry.Theywouldcertainlymaintainitobstinately,ifrecklesschancewhichhasdistributedhumanlawshadencounteredevenonewhichwasuniversal;butthefarceisthatthecapriceofmenhassomanyvagariesthatthereisnosuchlaw.

    Theft,incest,infanticide,parricide,haveallhadaplaceamongvirtuousactions.Cananythingbemoreridiculousthanthatamanshouldhavetherighttokillmebecausehelivesontheothersideofthewater,andbecausehisrulerhasaquarrelwithmine,thoughIhavenonewithhim?

    Doubtlesstherearenaturallaws;butgoodreasononcecorruptedhascorruptedall.Nihilampliusnostrumest;quodnostrumdicimus,artisest.Exsenatus¡Xconsultisetplebiscitiscriminaexercentur.Utolimvitiis,sicnunclegibuslaboramus.

    Theresultofthisconfusionisthatoneaffirmstheessenceofjusticetobetheauthorityofthelegislator;another,theinterestofthesovereign;another,presentcustom,andthisisthemostsure.Nothing,accordingtoreasonalone,isjustitself;allchangeswithtime.Customcreatesthewholeofequity,forthesimplereasonthatitisaccepted.Itisthemysticalfoundationofitsauthority;whoevercarriesitbacktofirstprinciplesdestroysit.Nothingissofaultyasthoselawswhichcorrectfaults.Hewhoobeysthembecausetheyarejustobeysajusticewhichisimaginaryandnottheessenceoflaw;itisquiteself-contained,itislawandnothingmore.Hewhowillexamineitsmotivewillfinditsofeebleandsotriflingthat,ifhebenotaccustomedtocontemplatethewondersofhumanimagination,hewillmarvelthatonecenturyhasgainedforitsomuchpompandreverence.Theartofoppositionandofrevolutionistounsettleestablishedcustoms,soundingthemeventotheirsource,topointouttheirwantofauthorityandjustice.Wemust,itissaid,getbacktothenaturalandfundamentallawsoftheState,whichanunjustcustomhasabolished.Itisagamecertaintoresultinthelossofall;nothingwillbejustonthebalance.Yetpeoplereadilylendtheireartosucharguments.Theyshakeofftheyokeassoonastheyrecogniseit;andthegreatprofitbytheirruinandbythatofthesecuriousinvestigatorsofacceptedcustoms.Butfromacontrarymistakemensometimesthinktheycanjustlydoeverythingwhichisnotwithoutanexample.Thatiswhythewisestoflegislatorssaidthatitwasnecessarytodeceivemenfortheirowngood;andanother,agoodpolitician,Cumveritatemqualibereturignoret,expeditquodfallatur.Wemustnotseethefactofusurpation;lawwasonceintroducedwithoutreason,andhasbecomereasonable.Wemustmakeitregardedasauthoritative,eternal,andconcealitsorigin,ifwedonotwishthatitshouldsooncometoanend.

    295.Mine,thine.¡X"Thisdogismine,"saidthosepoorchildren;"thatismyplaceinthesun."Hereisthebeginningandtheimageoftheusurpationofalltheearth.

    296.Whenthequestionforconsiderationiswhetherweoughttomakewarandkillsomanymen¡XcondemnsomanySpaniardstodeath¡Xonlyonemanisjudge,andheisaninterestedparty.Thereshouldbeathird,whoisdisinterested.

    297.Verijuris.¡XWehaveitnomore;ifwehadit,weshouldtakeconformitytothecustomsofacountryastheruleofjustice.Itisherethat,notfindingjustice,wehavefoundforce,etc.

    298.Justice,might.¡XItisrightthatwhatisjustshouldbeobeyed;itisnecessarythatwhatisstrongestshouldbeobeyed.Justicewithoutmightishelpless;mightwithoutjusticeistyrannical.Justicewithoutmightisgainsaid,becausetherearealwaysoffenders;mightwithoutjusticeiscondemned.Wemustthencombinejusticeandmightand,forthisend,makewhatisjuststrong,orwhatisstrongjust.

    Justiceissubjecttodispute;mightiseasilyrecognisedandisnotdisputed.Sowecannotgivemighttojustice,becausemighthasgainsaidjusticeandhasdeclaredthatitissheherselfwhoisjust.Andthus,beingunabletomakewhatisjuststrong,wehavemadewhatisstrongjust.

    299.Theonlyuniversalrulesarethelawsofthecountryinordinaryaffairsandofthemajorityinothers.Whencecomesthis?Fromthemightwhichisinthem.Henceitcomesthatkings,whohavepowerofadifferentkind,donotfollowthemajorityoftheirministers.

    Nodoubtequalityofgoodsisjust;but,beingunabletocausemighttoobeyjustice,menhavemadeitjusttoobeymight.Unabletostrengthenjustice,theyhavejustifiedmight;sothatthejustandthestrongshouldunite,andthereshouldbepeace,whichisthesovereigngood.

    300."Whenastrongmanarmedkeepethhisgoods,hisgoodsareinpeace."

    301.Whydowefollowthemajority?Isitbecausetheyhavemorereason?No,becausetheyhavemorepower.

    Whydowefollowtheancientlawsandopinions?Isitbecausetheyaremoresound?No,butbecausetheyareuniqueandremovefromustherootofdifference.

    302Itistheeffectofmight,notofcustom.Forthosewhoarecapableoforiginalityarefew;thegreaternumberwillonlyfollowandrefuseglorytothoseinventorswhoseekitbytheirinventions.Andiftheseareobstinateintheirwishtoobtaingloryanddespisethosewhodonotinvent,thelatterwillcallthemridiculousnamesandwillbeatthemwithastick.Letnoone,then,boastofhissubtlety,orlethimkeephiscomplacencytohimself.

    303.Mightisthesovereignoftheworld,andnotopinion.Butopinionmakesuseofmight.Itismightthatmakesopinion.Gentlenessisbeautifulinouropinion.Why?Becausehewhowilldanceonaropewillbealone,andIwingatherastrongermobofpeoplewhowillsaythatitisunbecoming.

    304.Thecordswhichbindtherespectofmentoeachotherareingeneralcordsofnecessity;fortheremustbedifferentdegrees,allmenwishingtorule,andnotallbeingabletodoso,butsomebeingable.

    Letus,then,imagineweseesocietyintheprocessofformation.Menwilldoubtlessfighttillthestrongerpartyovercomestheweaker,andadominantpartyisestablished.Butwhenthisisoncedetermined,themasters,whodonotdesirethecontinuationofstrife,thendecreethatthepowerwhichisintheirhandsshallbetransmittedastheyplease.Someplaceitinelectionbythepeople,othersinhereditarysuccession,etc.

    Andthisisthepointwhereimaginationbeginstoplayitspart.Tillnowpowermakesfact;nowpowerissustainedbyimaginationinacertainparty,inFranceinthenobility,inSwitzerlandintheburgesses,etc.

    Thesecordswhichbindtherespectofmentosuchandsuchanindividualarethereforethecordsofimagination.

    305.TheSwissareoffendedbybeingcalledgentlemen,andprovethemselvestrueplebeiansinordertobethoughtworthyofgreatoffice.

    306.Asduchies,kingships,andmagistraciesarerealandnecessary,becausemightrulesall,theyexisteverywhereandalways.Butsinceonlycapricemakessuchandsuchaonearuler,theprincipleisnotconstant,butsubjecttovariation,etc.

    307.Thechancellorisgraveandclothedwithornaments,forhispositionisunreal.Notsotheking;hehaspowerandhasnothingtodowiththeimagination.Judges,physicians,etc.,appealonlytotheimagination.

    308.Thehabitofseeingkingsaccompaniedbyguards,drums,officers,andalltheparaphernaliawhichmechanicallyinspirerespectandawe,makestheircountenance,whensometimesseenalonewithouttheseaccompaniments,impressrespectandaweontheirsubjects;becausewecannotseparateinthoughttheirpersonsfromthesurroundingswithwhichweseethemusuallyjoined.Andtheworld,whichknowsnotthatthiseffectistheresultofhabit,believesthatitarisesbyanaturalforce,whencecomethesewords,"ThecharacterofDivinityisstampedonhiscountenance,"etc.

    309.Justice.¡XAscustomdetermineswhatisagreeable,soalsodoesitdeterminejustice.

    310.Kingandtyrant.¡XI,too,willkeepmythoughtssecret.

    Iwilltakecareoneveryjourney.

    Greatnessofestablishment,respectforestablishment.

    Thepleasureofthegreatisthepowertomakepeoplehappy.

    Thepropertyofrichesistobegivenliberally.

    Thepropertyofeachthingmustbesought.Thepropertyofpoweristoprotect.

    Whenforceattackshumbug,whenaprivatesoldiertakesthesquarecapoffafirstpresident,andthrowsitoutofthewindow.

    311.Thegovernmentfoundedonopinionandimaginationreignsforsometime,andthisgovernmentispleasantandvoluntary;thatfoundedonmightlastsforever.Thusopinionisthequeenoftheworld,butmightisitstyrant.

    312.Justiceiswhatisestablished;andthusallourestablishedlawswillnecessarilyberegardedasjustwithoutexamination,sincetheyareestablished.

    313.Soundopinionsofthepeople.¡XCivilwarsarethegreatestofevils.Theyareinevitable,ifwewishtorewarddesert;forallwillsaytheyaredeserving.Theevilwehavetofearfromafoolwhosucceedsbyrightofbirth,isneithersogreatnorsosure.

    314.GodhascreatedallforHimself.HehasbestoweduponHimselfthepowerofpainandpleasure.

    YoucanapplyittoGod,ortoyourself.IftoGod,theGospelistherule.Iftoyourself,youwilltaketheplaceofGod.AsGodissurroundedbypersonsfullofcharity,whoaskofHimtheblessingsofcharitythatareinHispower,sorecognise,then,andlearnthatyouareonlyakingoflust,andtakethewaysoflust.

    315.Thereasonofeffects.¡XItiswonderfulthatmenwouldnothavemehonouramanclothedinbrocadeandfollowedbysevenoreightlackeys!Why!Hewillhavemethrashed,ifIdonotsalutehim.Thiscustomisafarce.Itisthesamewithahorseinfinetrappingsincomparisonwithanother!Montaigneisafoolnottoseewhatdifferencethereis,towonderatourfindingany,andtoaskthereason."Indeed,"sayshe,"howcomesit,"etc

    316.Soundopinionsofthepeople.¡XTobespruceisnotaltogetherfoolish,foritprovesthatagreatnumberofpeopleworkforone.Itshowsbyone-shair,thatonehasavalet,aperfumer,etc.,byone-sband,thread,lace,etc.Nowitisnotmerelysuperficialnormerelyoutwardshowtohavemanyarmsatcommand.Themorearmsonehas,themorepowerfuloneis.Tobespruceistoshowone-spower.

    317.Deferencemeans,"Putyourselftoinconvenience."Thisisapparentlysilly,butisquiteright.Foritistosay,"Iwouldindeedputmyselftoinconvenienceifyourequiredit,sinceindeedIdosowhenitisofnoservicetoyou."Deferencefurtherservestodistinguishthegreat.Nowifdeferencewasdisplayedbysittinginanarm-chair,weshouldshowdeferencetoeverybody,andsonodistinctionwouldbemade;but,beingputtoinconvenience,wedistinguishverywell.

    318.Hehasfourlackeys.

    319.Howrightlydowedistinguishmenbyexternalappearancesratherthanbyinternalqualities!Whichofustwoshallhaveprecedence?Whowillgiveplacetotheother?Theleastclever.ButIamascleverashe.Weshouldhavetofightoverthis.Hehasfourlackeys,andIhaveonlyone.Thiscanbeseen;wehaveonlytocount.Itfallstometoyield,andIamafoolifIcontestthematter.Bythismeansweareatpeace,whichisthegreatestofboons.

    320.Themostunreasonablethingsintheworldbecomemostreasonable,becauseoftheunrulinessofmen.WhatislessreasonablethantochoosetheeldestsonofaqueentoruleaState?Wedonotchooseascaptainofashipthepassengerwhoisofthebestfamily.

    Thislawwouldbeabsurdandunjust;but,becausemenaresothemselvesandalwayswillbeso,itbecomesreasonableandjust.Forwhomwillmenchoose,asthemostvirtuousandable?Weatoncecometoblows,aseachclaimstobethemostvirtuousandable.Letusthenattachthisqualitytosomethingindisputable.Thisistheking-seldestson.Thatisclear,andthereisnodispute.Reasoncandonobetter,forcivilwaristhegreatestofevils.

    321.Childrenareastonishedtoseetheircomradesrespected.

    322.Tobeofnoblebirthisagreatadvantage.Ineighteenyearsitplacesamanwithintheselectcircle,knownandrespected,asanotherhavemeritedinfiftyyears.Itisagainofthirtyyearswithouttrouble.

    323.WhatistheEgo?

    Supposeamanputshimselfatawindowtoseethosewhopassby.IfIpassby,canIsaythatheplacedhimselftheretoseeme?No;forhedoesnotthinkofmeinparticular.Butdoeshewholovessomeoneonaccountofbeautyreallylovethatperson?No;forthesmall-pox,whichwillkillbeautywithoutkillingtheperson,willcausehimtolovehernomore.

    Andifonelovesmeformyjudgement,memory,hedoesnotloveme,forIcanlosethesequalitieswithoutlosingmyself.Where,then,isthisEgo,ifitbeneitherinthebodynorinthesoul?Andhowlovethebodyorthesoul,exceptforthesequalitieswhichdonotconstituteme,sincetheyareperishable?Foritisimpossibleandwouldbeunjusttolovethesoulofapersonintheabstractandwhateverqualitiesmightbetherein.Wenever,then,loveaperson,butonlyqualities.

    Letus,then,jeernomoreatthosewhoarehonouredonaccountofrankandoffice;forweloveapersononlyonaccountofborrowedqualities.

    324.Thepeoplehaveverysoundopinions,forexample:

    1.Inhavingpreferreddiversionandhuntingtopoetry.Thehalf-learnedlaughatit,andgloryinbeingabovethefollyoftheworld;butthepeoplearerightforareasonwhichthesedonotfathom.

    2.Inhavingdistinguishedmenbyexternalmarks,asbirthorwealth.Theworldagainexultsinshowinghowunreasonablethisis;butitisveryreasonable.Savageslaughataninfantking.

    3.Inbeingoffendedatablow,orindesiringglorysomuch.Butitisverydesirableonaccountoftheotheressentialgoodswhicharejoinedtoit;andamanwhohasreceivedablow,withoutresentingit,isoverwhelmedwithtauntsandindignities.

    4.Inworkingfortheuncertain;insailingonthesea;inwalkingoveraplank.

    325.Montaigneiswrong.Customshouldbefollowedonlybecauseitiscustom,andnotbecauseitisreasonableorjust.Butpeoplefollowitforthissolereason,thattheythinkitjust.Otherwisetheywouldfollowitnolonger,althoughitwerethecustom;fortheywillonlysubmittoreasonorjustice.Customwithoutthiswouldpassfortyranny;butthesovereigntyofreasonandjusticeisnomoretyrannicalthanthatofdesire.Theyareprinciplesnaturaltoman.

    Itwould,therefore,berighttoobeylawsandcustoms,becausetheyarelaws;butweshouldknowthatthereisneithertruthnorjusticetointroduceintothem,thatweknownothingofthese,andsomustfollowwhatisaccepted.Bythismeanswewouldneverdepartfromthem.Butpeoplecannotacceptthisdoctrine;and,astheybelievethattruthcanbefound,andthatitexistsinlawandcustom,theybelievethemandtaketheirantiquityasaproofoftheirtruth,andnotsimplyoftheirauthorityapartfromtruth.Thustheyobeylaws,buttheyareliabletorevoltwhentheseareprovedtobevalueless;andthiscanbeshownofall,lookedatfromacertainaspect.

    326.Injustice.¡XItisdangeroustotellthepeoplethatthelawsareunjust;fortheyobeythemonlybecausetheythinkthemjust.Thereforeitisnecessarytotellthematthesametimethattheymustobeythembecausetheyarelaws,justastheymustobeysuperiors,notbecausetheyarejust,butbecausetheyaresuperiors.Inthiswayallseditionisprevented,ifthiscanbemadeintelligibleanditbeunderstoodwhatistheproperdefinitionofjustice.

    327.Theworldisagoodjudgeofthings,foritisinnaturalignorance,whichisman-struestate.Thescienceshavetwoextremeswhichmeet.Thefirstisthepurenaturalignoranceinwhichallmenfindthemselvesatbirth.Theotherextremeisthatreachedbygreatintellects,who,havingrunthroughallthatmencanknow,findtheyknownothing,andcomebackagaintothatsameignorancefromwhichtheysetout;butthisisalearnedignorancewhichisconsciousofitself.Thosebetweenthetwo,whohavedepartedfromnaturalignoranceandnotbeenabletoreachtheother,havesomesmatteringofthisvainknowledgeandpretendtobewise.Thesetroubletheworldandarebadjudgesofeverything.Thepeopleandthewiseconstitutetheworld;thesedespiseit,andaredespised.Theyjudgebadlyofeverything,andtheworldjudgesrightlyofthem.

    328.Thereasonofeffects.¡XContinualalternationofproandcon.

    Wehave,then,shownthatmanisfoolish,bytheestimationhemakesofthingswhicharenotessential;andalltheseopinionsaredestroyed.Wehavenextshownthatalltheseopinionsareverysoundandthatthus,sinceallthesevanitiesarewellfounded,thepeoplearenotsofoolishasissaid.Andsowehavedestroyedtheopinionwhichdestroyedthatofthepeople.

    Butwemustnowdestroythislastpropositionandshowthatitremainsalwaystruethatthepeoplearefoolish,thoughtheiropinionsaresoundbecausetheydonotperceivethetruthwhereitis,and,astheyplaceitwhereitisnot,theiropinionsarealwaysveryfalseandveryunsound.

    329.Thereasonofeffects.¡XTheweaknessofmanisthereasonwhysomanythingsareconsideredfine,astobegoodatplayingthelute.Itisonlyanevilbecauseofourweakness.

    330.Thepowerofkingsisfoundedonthereasonandonthefollyofthepeople,andspeciallyontheirfolly.Thegreatestandmostimportantthingintheworldhasweaknessforitsfoundation,andthisfoundationiswonderfullysure;forthereisnothingmoresurethanthis,thatthepeoplewillbeweak.Whatisbasedonsoundreasonisveryill-foundedastheestimateofwisdom.

    331.WecanonlythinkofPlatoandAristotleingrandacademicrobes.Theywerehonestmen,likeothers,laughingwiththeirfriends,and,whentheydivertedthemselveswithwritingtheirLawsandthePolitics,theydiditasanamusement.Thatpartoftheirlifewastheleastphilosophicandtheleastserious;themostphilosophicwastolivesimplyandquietly.Iftheywroteonpolitics,itwasasiflayingdownrulesforalunaticasylum;andiftheypresentedtheappearanceofspeakingofagreatmatter,itwasbecausetheyknewthatthemadmen,towhomtheyspoke,thoughttheywerekingsandemperors.Theyenteredintotheirprinciplesinordertomaketheirmadnessaslittleharmfulaspossible.

    332.Tyrannyconsistsinthedesireofuniversalpowerbeyonditsscope.

    Therearedifferentassembliesofthestrong,thefair,thesensible,thepious,inwhicheachmanrulesathome,notelsewhere.Andsometimestheymeet,andthestrongandthefairfoolishlyfightastowhoshallbemaster,fortheirmasteryisofdifferentkinds.Theydonotunderstandoneanother,andtheirfaultisthedesiretoruleeverywhere.Nothingcaneffectthis,notevenmight,whichisofnouseinthekingdomofthewise,andisonlymistressofexternalactions.

    Tyranny¡XSotheseexpressionsarefalseandtyrannical:"Iamfair,thereforeImustbefeared.Iamstrong,thereforeImustbeloved.Iam

    Tyrannyisthewishtohaveinonewaywhatcanonlybehadinanother.Werenderdifferentdutiestodifferentmerits;thedutyoflovetothepleasant;thedutyoffeartothestrong;dutyofbelieftothelearned.

    Wemustrendertheseduties;itisunjusttorefusethem,andunjusttoaskothers.Andsoitisfalseandtyrannicaltosay,"Heisnotstrong,thereforeIwillnotesteemhim;heisnotable,thereforeIwillnotfearhim."

    333.Haveyouneverseenpeoplewho,inordertocomplainofthelittlefussyoumakeaboutthem,paradebeforeyoutheexampleofgreatmenwhoesteemthem?InanswerIreplytothem,"Showmethemeritwherebyyouhavecharmedthesepersons,andIalsowillesteemyou."

    334.Thereasonofeffects.¡XLustandforcearethesourceofallouractions;lustcausesvoluntaryactions,forceinvoluntaryones.

    335.Thereasonofeffects.¡XItis,then,truetosaythatalltheworldisunderadelusion;for,althoughtheopinionsofthepeoplearesound,theyarenotsoasconceivedbythem,sincetheythinkthetruthtobewhereitisnot.Truthisindeedintheiropinions,butnotatthepointwheretheyimagineit.Thusitistruethatwemusthonournoblemen,butnotbecausenoblebirthisrealsuperiority,etc.

    336.Thereasonofeffects.¡XWemustkeepourthoughtsecret,andjudgeeverythingbyit,whiletalkinglikethepeople.

    337.Thereasonofeffects.Degrees.Thepeoplehonourpersonsofhighbirth.Thesemi-learneddespisethem,sayingthatbirthisnotapersonal,butachancesuperiority.Thelearnedhonourthem,notforpopularreasons,butforsecretreasons.Devoutpersons,whohavemorezealthanknowledge,despisethem,inspiteofthatconsiderationwhichmakesthemhonouredbythelearned,becausetheyjudgethembyanewlightwhichpietygivesthem.ButperfectChristianshonourthembyanotherandhigherlight.Soariseasuccessionofopinionsforandagainst,accordingtothelightonehas.

    338.TrueChristians,nevertheless,complywithfolly,notbecausetheyrespectfolly,butthecommandofGod,whoforthepunishmentofmenhasmadethemsubjecttothesefollies.Omniscreaturasubjectaestvanitati.Liberabitur.ThusSaintThomasexplainsthepassageinSaintJamesongivingplacetotherich,that,iftheydoitnotinthesightofGod,theydepartfromthecommandofreligion.

    SECTIONVI:THEPHILOSOPHERS

    339.Icanwellconceiveamanwithouthands,feet,head(foritisonlyexperiencewhichteachesusthattheheadismorenecessarythanfeet).ButIcannotconceivemanwithoutthought;hewouldbeastoneorabrute.

    340.Thearithmeticalmachineproduceseffectswhichapproachnearertothoughtthanalltheactionsofanimals.Butitdoesnothingwhichwouldenableustoattributewilltoit,astotheanimals.

    341.TheaccountofthepikeandfrogofLiancourt.Theydoitalways,andneverotherwise,noranyotherthingshowingmind.

    342.Ifananimaldidbymindwhatitdoesbyinstinct,andifitspokebymindwhatitspeaksbyinstinct,inhuntingandinwarningitsmatesthatthepreyisfoundorlost,itwouldindeedalsospeakinregardtothosethingswhichaffectitcloser,asexample,"Gnawmethiscordwhichiswoundingme,andwhichIcannotreach."

    343.Thebeakoftheparrot,whichitwipes,althoughitisclean.

    344.Instinctandreason,marksoftwonatures.

    345.Reasoncommandsusfarmoreimperiouslythanamaster;forindisobeyingtheoneweareunfortunate,andindisobeyingtheotherwearefools.

    346.Thoughtconstitutesthegreatnessofman.

    347.Manisbutareed,themostfeeblethinginnature;butheisathinkingreed.Theentireuniverseneednotarmitselftocrushhim.Avapour,adropofwatersufficestokillhim.But,iftheuniverseweretocrushhim,manwouldstillbemorenoblethanthatwhichkilledhim,becauseheknowsthathediesandtheadvantagewhichtheuniversehasoverhim;theuniverseknowsnothingofthis.

    Allourdignityconsists,then,inthought.Byitwemustelevateourselves,andnotbyspaceandtimewhichwecannotfill.Letusendeavour,then,tothinkwell;thisistheprincipleofmorality.

    348.Athinkingreed.¡XItisnotfromspacethatImustseekmydignity,butfromthegovernmentofmythought.IshallhavenomoreifIpossessworlds.Byspacetheuniverseencompassesandswallowsmeuplikeanatom;bythoughtIcomprehendtheworld.

    349.Immaterialityofthesoul¡XPhilosopherswhohavemasteredtheirpassions.Whatmattercoulddothat?

    350.TheStoics.¡XTheyconcludethatwhathasbeendoneoncecanbedonealways,andthat,sincethedesireofgloryimpartssomepowertothosewhomitpossesses,otherscandolikewise.Therearefeverishmovementswhichhealthcannotimitate.

    Epictetusconcludesthat,sincethereareconsistentChristians,everymancaneasilybeso.

    351.Thosegreatspiritualefforts,whichthesoulsometimesassays,arethingsonwhichitdoesnotlayhold.Itonlyleapstothem,notasuponathrone,forever,butmerelyforaninstant.

    352.Thestrengthofaman-svirtuemustnotbemeasuredbyhisefforts,butbyhisordinarylife.

    353.Idonotadmiretheexcessofavirtueasofvalour,exceptIseeatthesametimetheexcessoftheoppositevirtue,asinEpaminondas,whohadthegreatestvalourandthegreatestkindness.Forotherwiseitisnottorise,itistofall.Wedonotdisplaygreatnessbygoingtooneextreme,butintouchingbothatonce,andfillingalltheinterveningspace.Butperhapsthisisonlyasuddenmovementofthesoulfromonetotheotherextreme,andinfactitiseveratonepointonly,asinthecaseofafirebrand.Beitso,butatleastthisindicatesagilityifnotexpanseofsoul.

    354.Man-snatureisnotalwaystoadvance;ithasitsadvancesandretreats.

    Feverhasitscoldandhotfits;andthecoldprovesaswellasthehotthegreatnessofthefireoffever.

    Thediscoveriesofmenfromagetoageturnoutthesame.Thekindnessandthemaliceoftheworldingeneralarethesame.Plerumquegrataeprincipibusvices.

    355.Continuouseloquencewearies.

    Princesandkingssometimesplay.Theyarenotalwaysontheirthrones.Theywearythere.Grandeurmustbeabandonedtobeappreciated.Continuityineverythingisunpleasant.Coldisagreeable,thatwemaygetwarm.

    Natureactsbyprogress,itusetreditus.Itgoesandreturns,thenadvancesfurther,thentwiceasmuchbackwards,thenmoreforwardthanever,etc.

    Thetideoftheseabehavesinthesamemanner;andso,apparently,doesthesuninitscourse.

    356.Thenourishmentofthebodyislittlebylittle.Fullnessofnourishmentandsmallnessofsubstance.

    357.Whenwewouldpursuevirtuestotheirextremesoneitherside,vicespresentthemselves,whichinsinuatethemselvesinsensiblythere,intheirinsensiblejourneytowardstheinfinitelylittle;andvicespresentthemselvesinacrowdtowardstheinfinitelygreat,sothatweloseourselvesinthemandnolongerseevirtues.Wefindfaultwithperfectionitself.

    358.Manisneitherangelnorbrute,andtheunfortunatethingisthathewhowouldacttheangelactsthebrute.

    359.Wedonotsustainourselvesinvirtuebyourownstrength,butbythebalancingoftwoopposedvices,justasweremainuprightamidsttwocontrarygales.Removeoneofthevices,andwefallintotheother.

    360.WhattheStoicsproposeissodifficultandfoolish!

    TheStoicslaydownthatallthosewhoarenotatthehighdegreeofwisdomareequallyfoolishandvicious,asthosewhoaretwoinchesunderwater.

    361.Thesovereigngood.Disputeaboutthesovereigngood.¡XUtsiscontentustemetipsoetextenascentibusbonis.Thereisacontradiction,forintheendtheyadvisesuicide.Oh!Whatahappylife,fromwhichwearetofreeourselvesasfromtheplague!

    362.Exsenatus-consultisetplebiscitis

    Toasklikepassages.

    363.Exsenatus-consultisetplebiscitissceleraexercentur.Seneca.588.

    Nihiltamabsurdedicipotestquodnondicaturabaliquophilosophorum.

    Quibusdamdestinatissententiisconsecratiquaenonprobantcogunturdefendere.

    Utomniumrerumsiclitterarumquoqueintemperantialaboramus.

    Idmaximequemquedecet,quodestcujusquesuummaxime.

    Hosnaturamodosprimumdedit.

    Paucisopusestlitterisadbonammentem.

    Siquandoturpenonsit,tamennonestnonturpequumidamultitudinelaudetur.

    Mihisicususest,tibiutopusestfacto,fac.

    364.Rarumestenimutsatissequisquevereatur.

    Totcircaunumcaputtumultuantesdeos.

    Nihilturpiusquamcognitioniassertionempraecurrere.

    Necmepudet,utistos,faterinescirequidnesciam.

    Meliusnonincipient.

    365.Thought.¡XAllthedignityofmanconsistsinthought.Thoughtis,therefore,byitsnatureawonderfulandincomparablething.Itmusthavestrangedefectstobecontemptible.Butithassuch,sothatnothingismoreridiculous.Howgreatitisinitsnature!Howvileitisinitsdefects!

    Butwhatisthisthought?Howfoolishitis!

    366.Themindofthissovereignjudgeoftheworldisnotsoindependentthatitisnotliabletobedisturbedbythefirstdinaboutit.Thenoiseofacannonisnotnecessarytohinderitsthoughts;itneedsonlythecreakingofaweathercockorpulley.Donotwonderifatpresentitdoesnotreasonwell;aflyisbuzzinginitsears;thatisenoughtorenderitincapableofgoodjudgement.Ifyouwishittobeabletoreachthetruth,chaseawaythatanimalwhichholdsitsreasonincheckanddisturbsthatpowerfulintellectwhichrulestownsandkingdoms.Hereisacomicalgod!Oridicolosissimoeroe!

    367.Thepowerofflies;theywinbattles,hinderoursoulfromacting,eatourbody.

    368.Whenitissaidthatheatisonlythemotionsofcertainmolecules,andlighttheconatusrecedendiwhichwefeel,itastonishesus.What!Ispleasureonlytheballetofourspirits?Wehaveconceivedsodifferentanideaofit!Andthesesensationsseemsoremovedfromthoseotherswhichwesayarethesameasthosewithwhichwecomparethem!Thesensationfromthefire,thatwarmthwhichaffectsusinamannerwhollydifferentfromtouch,thereceptionofsoundandlight,allthisappearstousmysterious,andyetitismaterialliketheblowofastone.Itistruethatthesmallnessofthespiritswhichenterintotheporestouchesothernerves,buttherearealwayssomenervestouched.

    369.Memoryisnecessaryforalltheoperationsofreason.

    370.Chancegivesrisetothoughts,andchanceremovesthem;noartcankeeporacquirethem.

    Athoughthasescapedme.Iwantedtowriteitdown.Iwriteinsteadthatithasescapedme.

    371.WhenIwassmall,Ihuggedmybook;andbecauseitsometimeshappenedtometoinbelievingIhuggedit,Idoubted

    372.Inwritingdownmythought,itsometimesescapesme;butthismakesmeremembermyweakness,thatIconstantlyforget.Thisisasinstructivetomeasmyforgottenthought;forIstriveonlytoknowmynothingness.

    373.Scepticism.¡XIshallherewritemythoughtswithoutorder,andnotperhapsinunintentionalconfusion;thatistrueorder,whichwillalwaysindicatemyobjectbyitsverydisorder.Ishoulddotoomuchhonourtomysubject,ifItreateditwithorder,sinceIwanttoshowthatitisincapableofit.

    374.Whatastonishesmemostistoseethatalltheworldisnotastonishedatitsownweakness.Menactseriously,andeachfollowshisownmodeoflife,notbecauseitisinfactgoodtofollowsinceitisthecustom,butasifeachmanknewcertainlywherereasonandjusticeare.Theyfindthemselvescontinuallydeceived,and,byacomicalhumility,thinkitistheirownfaultandnotthatoftheartwhichtheyclaimalwaystopossess.Butitiswelltherearesomanysuchpeopleintheworld,whoarenotscepticsforthegloryofscepticism,inordertoshowthatmanisquitecapableofthemostextravagantopinions,sinceheiscapableofbelievingthatheisnotinastateofnaturalandinevitableweakness,but,onthecontrary,ofnaturalwisdom.

    Nothingfortifiesscepticismmorethanthattherearesomewhoarenotsceptics;ifallwereso,theywouldbewrong.

    375.Ihavepassedagreatpartofmylifebelievingthattherewasjustice,andinthisIwasnotmistaken;forthereisjusticeaccordingasGodhaswilledtorevealittous.ButIdidnottakeitso,andthisiswhereImadeamistake;forIbelievedthatourjusticewasessentiallyjust,andthatIhadthatwherebytoknowandjudgeofit.ButIhavesooftenfoundmyrightjudgementatfault,thatatlastIhavecometodistrustmyselfandthenothers.Ihaveseenchangesinallnationsandmen,andthus,aftermanychangesofjudgementregardingtruejustice,Ihaverecognisedthatournaturewasbutincontinualchange,andIhavenotchangedsince;andifIchanged,Iwouldconfirmmyopinion.

    ThescepticArcesilaus,whobecameadogmatist.

    376.Thissectderivesmorestrengthfromitsenemiesthanfromitsfriends;fortheweaknessofmanisfarmoreevidentinthosewhoknowitnotthaninthosewhoknowit.

    377.Discoursesonhumilityareasourceofprideinthevainandofhumilityinthehumble.Sothoseonscepticismcausebelieverstoaffirm.Fewmenspeakhumblyofhumility,chastelyofchastity,fewdoubtinglyofscepticism.Weareonlyfalsehood,duplicity,contradiction;webothconcealanddisguiseourselvesfromourselves.

    378.Scepticism.¡XExcess,likedefectofintellect,isaccusedofmadness.Nothingisgoodbutmediocrity.Themajorityhassettledthatandfindsfaultwithhimwhoescapesitatwhicheverend.Iwillnotopposeit.Iquiteconsenttoputthere,andrefusetobeatthelowerend,notbecauseitislow,butbecauseitisanend;forIwouldlikewiserefusetobeplacedatthetop.Toleavethemeanistoabandonhumanity.Thegreatnessofthehumansoulconsistsinknowinghowtopreservethemean.Sofarfromgreatnessconsistinginleavingit,itconsistsinnotleavingit.

    379.Itisnotgoodtohavetoomuchliberty.Itisnotgoodtohaveallonewants.

    380.Allgoodmaximsareintheworld.Weonlyneedtoapplythem.Forinstance,wedonotdoubtthatweoughttoriskourlivesindefenceofthepublicgood;butforreligion,no.

    Itistruetheremustbeinequalityamongmen;butifthisbeconceded,thedoorisopenednotonlytothehighestpower,buttothehighesttyranny.

    Wemustrelaxourmindsalittle;butthisopensthedoortothegreatestdebauchery.Letusmarkthelimits.Therearenolimitsinthings.lawswouldputthemthere,andthemindcannotsufferit.

    381.Whenwearetooyoung,wedonotjudgewell;so,also,whenwearetooold.Ifwedonotthinkenough,orifwethinktoomuchonanymatter,wegetobstinateandinfatuatedwithit.Ifoneconsidersone-sworkimmediatelyafterhavingdoneit,oneisentirelyprepossessedinitsfavour;bydelayingtoolong,onecannolongerenterintothespiritofit.Sowithpicturesseenfromtoofarortoonear;thereisbutoneexactpointwhichisthetrueplacewherefromtolookatthem:therestaretoonear,toofar,toohighortoolow.Perspectivedeterminesthatpointintheartofpainting.Butwhoshalldetermineitintruthandmorality?

    382.Whenallisequallyagitated,nothingappearstobeagitated,asinaship.Whenalltendtodebauchery,noneappearstodoso.Hewhostopsdrawsattentiontotheexcessofothers,likeafixedpoint.

    383.Thelicentioustellmenoforderlylivesthattheystrayfromnature-spath,whiletheythemselvesfollowit;aspeopleinashipthinkthosemovewhoareontheshore.Onallsidesthelanguageissimilar.Wemusthaveafixedpointinordertojudge.Theharbourdecidesforthosewhoareinaship;butwhereshallwefindaharbourinmorality?

    384.Contradictionisabadsignoftruth;severalthingswhicharecertainarecontradicted;severalthingswhicharefalsepasswithoutcontradiction.Contradictionisnotasignoffalsity,northewantofcontradictionasignoftruth.

    385.Scepticism.¡XEachthinghereispartlytrueandpartlyfalse.Essentialtruthisnotso;itisaltogetherpureandaltogethertrue.Thismixturedishonoursandannihilatesit.Nothingispurelytrue,andthusnothingistrue,meaningbythatpuretruth.Youwillsayitistruethathomicideiswrong.Yes;forweknowwellthewrongandthefalse.Butwhatwillyousayisgood?Chastity?Isayno;fortheworldwouldcometoanend.Marriage?No;continenceisbetter.Nottokill?No;forlawlessnesswouldbehorrible,andthewickedwouldkillallthegood.Tokill?No;forthatdestroysnature.Wepossesstruthandgoodnessonlyinpart,andmingledwithfalsehoodandevil.

    386.Ifwedreamtthesamethingeverynight,itwouldaffectusasmuchastheobjectsweseeeveryday.Andifanartisanweresuretodreameverynightfortwelvehours-durationthathewasaking,Ibelievehewouldbealmostashappyasaking,whoshoulddreameverynightfortwelvehoursonendthathewasanartisan.

    Ifweweretodreameverynightthatwewerepursuedbyenemiesandharassedbythesepainfulphantoms,orthatwepassedeverydayindifferentoccupations,asinmakingavoyage,weshouldsufferalmostasmuchasifitwerereal,andshouldfeartosleep,aswefeartowakewhenwedreadinfacttoenteronsuchmishaps.And,indeed,itwouldcauseprettynearlythesamediscomfortsasthereality.

    Butsincedreamsarealldifferent,andeachsingleoneisdiversified,whatisseeninthemaffectsusmuchlessthanwhatweseewhenawake,becauseofitscontinuity,whichisnot,however,socontinuousandlevelasnottochangetoo;butitchangeslessabruptly,exceptrarely,aswhenwetravel,andthenwesay,"ItseemstomeIamdreaming."Forlifeisadreamalittlelessinconstant.

    387.Itmaybethattherearetruedemonstrations;butthisisnotcertain.Thus,thisprovesnothingelsebutthatitisnotcertainthatallisuncertain,tothegloryofscepticism.

    388.Goodsense.¡XTheyarecompelledtosay,"Youarenotactingingoodfaith;wearenotasleep,"etc.HowIlovetoseethisproudreasonhumiliatedandsuppliant!Forthisisnotthelanguageofamanwhoserightisdisputed,andwhodefendsitwiththepowerofarmedhands.Heisnotfoolishenoughtodeclarethatmenarenotactingingoodfaith,buthepunishesthisbadfaithwithforce.

    389.EcclesiastesshowsthatmanwithoutGodisintotalignoranceandinevitablemisery.Foritiswretchedtohavethewish,butnotthepower.Nowhewouldbehappyandassuredofsometruth,andyethecanneitherknow,nordesirenottoknow.Hecannotevendoubt.

    390.MyGod!Howfoolishthistalkis!"WouldGodhavemadetheworldtodamnit?WouldHeasksomuchfrompersonssoweak"?etc.Scepticismisthecureforthisevil,andwilltakedownthisvanity.

    391.Conversation.¡XGreatwords:Religion,Idenyit.

    Conversation.¡XScepticismhelpsreligion.

    392.AgainstScepticism.¡XItis,then,astrangefactthatwecannotdefinethesethingswithoutobscuringthem,whilewespeakofthemwithallassurance.Weassumethatallconceiveoftheminthesameway;butweassumeitquitegratuitously,forwehavenoproofofit.Isee,intruth,thatthesamewordsareappliedonthesameoccasions,andthateverytimetwomenseeabodychangeitsplace,theybothexpresstheirviewofthissamefactbythesameword,bothsayingthatithasmoved;andfromthisconformityofapplicationwederiveastrongconvictionofaconformityofideas.Butthisisnotabsolutelyorfinallyconvincingthoughthereisenoughtosupportabetontheaffirmative,sinceweknowthatweoftendrawthesameconclusionsfromdifferentpremises.

    Thisisenough,atleast,toobscurethematter;notthatitcompletelyextinguishesthenaturallightwhichassuresusofthesethings.Theacademicianswouldhavewon.Butthisdullsitandtroublesthedogmatiststothegloryofthescepticalcrowd,whichconsistsinthisdoubtfulambiguityandinacertaindoubtfuldimnessfromwhichourdoubtscannottakeawayalltheclearness,norourownnaturallightschaseawayallthedarkness.

    393.Itisasingularthingtoconsiderthattherearepeopleintheworldwho,havingrenouncedallthelawsofGodandnature,havemadelawsforthemselveswhichtheystrictlyobey,as,forinstance,thesoldiersofMahomet,robbers,heretics,etc.Itisthesamewithlogicians.Itseemsthattheirlicensemustbewithoutanylimitsorbarriers,sincetheyhavebrokenthroughsomanythataresojustandsacred.

    394.Alltheprinciplesofsceptics,stoics,atheists,etc.,aretrue.Buttheirconclusionsarefalse,becausetheoppositeprinciplesarealsotrue.

    395.Instinct,reason.¡XWehaveanincapacityofproof,insurmountablebyalldogmatism.Wehaveanideaoftruth,invincibletoallscepticism.

    396.Twothingsinstructmanabouthiswholenature;instinctandexperience.

    397.Thegreatnessofmanisgreatinthatheknowshimselftobemiserable.Atreedoesnotknowitselftobemiserable.Itisthenbeingmiserabletoknowoneselftobemiserable;butitisalsobeinggreattoknowthatoneismiserable.

    398.Allthesesamemiseriesproveman-sgreatness.Theyarethemiseriesofagreatlord,ofadeposedking.

    399.Wearenotmiserablewithoutfeelingit.Aruinedhouseisnotmiserable.Manonlyismiserable.Egovirvidens.

    400.Thegreatnessofman.¡XWehavesogreatanideaofthesoulofmanthatwecannotendurebeingdespised,ornotbeingesteemedbyanysoul;andallthehappinessofmenconsistsinthisesteem.

    401.Glory.¡XThebrutesdonotadmireeachother.Ahorsedoesnotadmirehiscompanion.Notthatthereisnorivalrybetweentheminarace,butthatisofnoconsequence;for,wheninthestable,theheaviestandmostill-formeddoesnotgiveuphisoatstoanother,asmenwouldhaveothersdotothem.Theirvirtueissatisfiedwithitself.

    402.Thegreatnessofmaneveninhislust,tohaveknownhowtoextractfromitawonderfulcode,andtohavedrawnfromitapictureofbenevolence.

    403.Greatness.¡XThereasonsofeffectsindicatethegreatnessofman,inhavingextractedsofairanorderfromlust.

    404.Thegreatestbasenessofmanisthepursuitofglory.Butisthegreatestmarkofhisexcellence;forwhateverpossessionshemayhaveonearth,whateverhealthandessentialcomfort,heisnotsatisfiedifhehasnottheesteemofmen.Hevalueshumanreasonsohighlythat,whateveradvantageshemayhaveonearth,heisnotcontentifheisnotalsorankedhighlyinthejudgementofman.Thisisthefinestpositionintheworld.Nothingcanturnhimfromthatdesire,whichisthemostindeliblequalityofman-sheart.

    Andthosewhomustdespisemen,andputthemonalevelwiththebrutes,yetwishtobeadmiredandbelievedbymen,andcontradictthemselvesbytheirownfeelings;theirnature,whichisstrongerthanall,convincingthemofthegreatnessofmanmoreforciblythanreasonconvincesthemoftheirbaseness.

    405.Contradiction.¡XPridecounterbalancingallmiseries.Maneitherhideshismiseries,or,ifhedisclosethem,gloriesinknowingthem.

    406.Pridecounterbalancesandtakesawayallmiseries.Hereisastrangemonsterandaveryplainaberration.Heisfallenfromhisplaceandisanxiouslyseekingit.Thisiswhatallmendo.Letusseewhowillhavefoundit.

    407.Whenmalicehasreasononitsside,itbecomesproudandparadesreasoninallitssplendour.Whenausterityorsternchoicehasnotarrivedatthetruegoodandmustneedsreturntofollownature,itbecomesproudbyreasonofthisreturn.

    408.Eviliseasy,andhasinfiniteforms;goodisalmostunique.Butacertainkindofevilisasdifficulttofindaswhatwecallgood;andoftenonthisaccountsuchparticularevilgetspassedoffasgood.Anextraordinarygreatnessofsoulisneededinordertoattaintoitaswellastogood.

    409.Thegreatnessofman.¡XThegreatnessofmanissoevidentthatitisevenprovedbyhiswretchedness.Forwhatinanimalsisnature,wecallinmanwretchedness,bywhichwerecognisethat,hisnaturebeingnowlikethatofanimals,hehasfallenfromabetternaturewhichoncewashis.

    Forwhoisunhappyatnotbeingaking,exceptadeposedking?WasPaulusAemiliusunhappyatbeingnolongerconsul?Onthecontrary,everybodythoughthimhappyinhavingbeenconsul,becausetheofficecouldonlybeheldforatime.ButmenthoughtPerseussounhappyinbeingnolongerking,becausetheconditionofkingshipimpliedhisbeingalwaysking,thattheythoughtitstrangethatheenduredlife.Whoisunhappyatonlyhavingonemouth?Andwhoisnotunhappyathavingonlyoneeye?Probablynomaneverventuredtomournatnothavingthreeeyes.Butanyoneisinconsolableathavingnone.

    410.Perseus,KingofMacedon.¡XPaulusAemiliusreproachedPerseusfornotkillinghimself.

    411.Notwithstandingthesightofallourmiseries,whichpressuponusandtakeusbythethroat,wehaveaninstinctwhichwecannotrepressandwhichliftsusup.

    412.Thereisinternalwarinmanbetweenreasonandthepassions.

    Ifhehadonlyreasonwithoutpassions

    Ifhehadonlypassionswithoutreason

    Buthavingboth,hecannotbewithoutstrife,beingunabletobeatpeacewiththeonewithoutbeingatwarwiththeother.Thusheisalwaysdividedagainstandopposedtohimself.

    413.Thisinternalwarofreasonagainstthepassionshasmadeadivisionofthosewhowouldhavepeaceintotwosects.Thefirstwouldrenouncetheirpassionsandbecomegods;theotherswouldrenouncereasonandbecomebrutebeasts.(DesBarreaux.)Butneithercandoso,andreasonstillremains,tocondemnthevilenessandinjusticeofthepassionsandtotroublethereposeofthosewhoabandonthemselvestothem;andthepassionskeepalwaysaliveinthosewhowouldrenouncethem.

    414.Menaresonecessarilymadthatnottobemadwouldamounttoanotherformofmadness.

    415.Thenatureofmanmaybeviewedintwoways:theoneaccordingtoitsend,andthenheisgreatandincomparable;theotheraccordingtothemultitude,justaswejudgeofthenatureofthehorseandthedog,popularly,byseeingitsfleetness,etanimumarcendi;andthenmanisabjectandvile.Thesearethetwowayswhichmakeusjudgeofhimdifferentlyandwhichoccasionsuchdisputesamongphilosophers.Foronedeniestheassumptionoftheother.Onesays,"Heisnotbornforthisend,forallhisactionsarerepugnanttoit."Theothersays,"Heforsakeshisend,whenhedoesthesebaseactions."

    416.ForPort-Royal.Greatnessandwretchedness.¡XWretchednessbeingdeducedfromgreatness,andgreatnessfromwretchedness,somehaveinferredman-swretchednessallthemorebecausetheyhavetakenhisgreatnessasaproofofit,andothershaveinferredhisgreatnesswithallthemoreforce,becausetheyhaveinferreditfromhisverywretchedness.Allthattheonepartyhasbeenabletosayinproofofhisgreatnesshasonlyservedasanargumentofhiswretchednesstotheothers,becausethegreaterourfall,themorewretchedweare,andviceversa.Theonepartyisbroughtbacktotheotherinanendlesscircle,itbeingcertainthat,inproportionasmenpossesslight,theydiscoverboththegreatnessandthewretchednessofman.Inaword,manknowsthatheiswretched.Heisthereforewretched,becausebeisso;butheisreallygreatbecauseheknowsit.

    417.Thistwofoldnatureofmanissoevidentthatsomehavethoughtthatwehadtwosouls.Asinglesubjectseemedtothemincapableofsuchsuddenvariationsfromunmeasuredpresumptiontoadreadfuldejectionofheart.

    418.Itisdangeroustomakemanseetooclearlyhisequalitywiththebruteswithoutshowinghimhisgreatness.Itisalsodangeroustomakehisseehisgreatnesstooclearly,apartfromhisvileness.Itisstillmoredangeroustoleavehiminignoranceofboth.Butitisveryadvantageoustoshowhimboth.Manmustnotthinkthatheisonaleveleitherwiththebrutesorwiththeangels,normusthebeignorantofbothsidesofhisnature;buthemustknowboth.

    419.Iwillnotallowmantodependuponhimself,oruponanother,totheendthat,beingwithoutaresting-placeandwithoutrepose.

    420.Ifheexalthimself,Ihumblehim;ifhehumblehimself,Iexalthim;andIalwayscontradicthim,tillheunderstandsthatheisanincomprehensiblemonster.

    421.Iblameequallythosewhochoosetopraiseman,thosewhochoosetoblamehim,andthosewhochoosetoamusethemselves;andIcanonlyapproveofthosewhoseekwithlamentation.

    422.Itisgoodtobetiredandweariedbythevainsearchafterthetruegood,thatwemaystretchoutourarmstotheRedeemer.

    423.Contraries.Afterhavingshownthevilenessandthegreatnessofman.¡XLetmannowknowhisvalue.Lethimlovehimself,forthereisinhimanaturecapableofgood;butlethimnotforthisreasonlovethevilenesswhichisinhim.Lethimdespisehimself,forthiscapacityisbarren;butlethimnotthereforedespisethisnaturalcapacity.Lethimhatehimself,lethimlovehimself;hehaswithinhimthecapacityofknowingthetruthandofbeinghappy,buthepossessesnotruth,eitherconstantorsatisfactory.

    Iwouldthenleadmantothedesireoffindingtruth;tobefreefrompassions,andreadytofollowitwherehemayfindit,knowinghowmuchhisknowledgeisobscuredbythepassions.Iwould,indeed,thatheshouldhateinhimselfthelustwhichdeterminedhiswillbyitselfsothatitmaynotblindhiminmakinghischoice,andmaynothinderhimwhenhehaschosen.

    424.Allthesecontradictions,whichseemmosttokeepmefromtheknowledgeofreligion,haveledmemostquicklytothetrueone.

    SECTIONVII:MORALITYANDDOCTRINE

    425.Secondpart.¡XThatmanwithoutfaithcannotknowthetruegood,norjustice.

    Allmenseekhappiness.Thisiswithoutexception.Whateverdifferentmeanstheyemploy,theyalltendtothisend.Thecauseofsomegoingtowar,andofothersavoidingit,isthesamedesireinboth,attendedwithdifferentviews.Thewillnevertakestheleaststepbuttothisobject.Thisisthemotiveofeveryactionofeveryman,evenofthosewhohangthemselves.

    Andyet,aftersuchagreatnumberofyears,noonewithoutfaithhasreachedthepointtowhichallcontinuallylook.Allcomplain,princesandsubjects,noblemenandcommoners,oldandyoung,strongandweak,learnedandignorant,healthyandsick,ofallcountries,alltimes,allages,andallconditions.

    Atrialsolong,socontinuous,andsouniform,shouldcertainlyconvinceusofourinabilitytoreachthegoodbyourownefforts.Butexampleteachesuslittle.Noresemblanceiseversoperfectthatthereisnotsomeslightdifference;andhenceweexpectthatourhopewillnotbedeceivedonthisoccasionasbefore.Andthus,whilethepresentneversatisfiesus,experiencedupesusand,frommisfortunetomisfortune,leadsustodeath,theireternalcrown.

    Whatisit,then,thatthisdesireandthisinabilityproclaimtous,butthattherewasonceinmanatruehappinessofwhichtherenowremaintohimonlythemarkandemptytrace,whichheinvaintriestofillfromallhissurroundings,seekingfromthingsabsentthehelphedoesnotobtaininthingspresent?Buttheseareallinadequate,becausetheinfiniteabysscanonlybefilledbyaninfiniteandimmutableobject,thatistosay,onlybyGodHimself.Heonlyisourtruegood,andsincewehaveforsakenhim,itisastrangethingthatthereisnothinginnaturewhichhasnotbeenserviceableintakingHisplace;thestars,theheavens,earth,theelements,plants,cabbages,leeks,animals,insects,calves,serpents,fever,pestilence,war,famine,vices,adultery,incest.Andsincemanhaslostthetruegood,everythingcanappearequallygoodtohim,evenhisowndestruction,thoughsoopposedtoGod,toreason,andtothewholecourseofnature.

    Someseekgoodinauthority,othersinscientificresearch,othersinpleasure.Others,whoareinfactnearerthetruth,haveconsidereditnecessarythattheuniversalgood,whichallmendesire,shouldnotconsistinanyoftheparticularthingswhichcanonlybepossessedbyoneman,andwhich,whenshared,afflicttheirpossessorsmorebythewantoftheparthehasnotthantheypleasehimbythepossessionofwhathehas.Theyhavelearnedthatthetruegoodshouldbesuchasallcanpossessatonce,withoutdiminutionandwithoutenvy,andwhichnoonecanloseagainsthiswill.Andtheirreasonisthatthisdesire,beingnaturaltoman,sinceitisnecessarilyinall,andthatitisimpossiblenottohaveit,theyinferfromit

    426.Truenaturebeinglost,everythingbecomesitsownnature;asthetruegoodbeinglost,everythingbecomesitsowntruegood.

    427.Mandoesnotknowinwhatranktoplacehimself.Hehasplainlygoneastrayandfallenfromhistrueplacewithoutbeingabletofinditagain.Heseeksitanxiouslyandunsuccessfullyeverywhereinimpenetrabledarkness.

    428.IfitisasignofweaknesstoproveGodbynature,donotdespiseScripture;ifitisasignofstrengthtohaveknownthesecontradictions,esteemScripture.

    429.Thevilenessofmaninsubmittinghimselftothebrutesandinevenworshippingthem.e

    430.ForPort-Royal.Thebeginning,afterhavingexplainedtheincomprehensibility.¡XThegreatnessandthewretchednessofmanaresoevidentthatthetruereligionmustnecessarilyteachusboththatthereisinmansomegreatsourceofgreatnessandagreatsourceofwretchedness.Itmustthengiveusareasonfortheseastonishingcontradictions.

    Inordertomakemanhappy,itmustprovetohimthatthereisaGod;thatweoughttoloveHim;thatourtruehappinessistobeinHim,andoursoleeviltobeseparatedfromHim;itmustrecognisethatwearefullofdarknesswhichhindersusfromknowingandlovingHim;andthatthus,asourdutiescompelustoloveGod,andourluststurnusawayfromHim,wearefullofunrighteousness.ItmustgiveusanexplanationofouroppositiontoGodandtoourowngood.Itmustteachustheremediesfortheseinfirmitiesandthemeansofobtainingtheseremedies.Letus,therefore,examineallthereligionsoftheworldandseeiftherebeanyotherthantheChristianwhichissufficientforthispurpose.

    Shallitbethatofthephilosophers,whoputforward,asthechiefgood,thegoodwhichisinourselves?Isthisthetruegood?Havetheyfoundtheremedyforourills?Isman-spridecuredbyplacinghimonanequalitywithGod?Havethosewhohavemadeusequaltothebrutes,ortheMohammedanswhohaveofferedusearthlypleasuresasthechiefgoodevenineternity,producedtheremedyforourlusts?Whatreligion,then,willteachustocureprideandlust?Whatreligionwill,infact,teachusourgood,ourduties,theweaknesswhichturnsusfromthem,thecauseofthisweakness,theremedieswhichcancureit,andthemeansofobtainingtheseremedies?

    Allotherreligionshavenotbeenabletodoso.LetusseewhatthewisdomofGodwilldo.

    "Expectneithertruth,"shesays,"norconsolationfrommen.Iamshewhoformedyou,andwhoalonecanteachyouwhatyouare.ButyouarenownolongerinthestateinwhichIformedyou.Icreatedmanholy,innocent,perfect.Ifilledhimwithlightandintelligence.Icommunicatedtohimmygloryandmywonders.TheeyeofmansawthenthemajestyofGod.Hewasnottheninthedarknesswhichblindshim,norsubjecttomortalityandthewoeswhichafflicthim.Buthehasnotbeenabletosustainsogreatglorywithoutfallingintopride.Hewantedtomakehimselfhisowncentreandindependentofmyhelp.Hewithdrewhimselffrommyrule;and,onhismakinghimselfequaltomebythedesireoffindinghishappinessinhimself,Iabandonedhimtohimself.Andsettinginrevoltthecreaturesthatweresubjecttohim,Imadethemhisenemies;sothatmanisnowbecomelikethebrutesandsoestrangedfrommethattherescarceremainstohimadimvisionofhisAuthor.Sofarhasallhisknowledgebeenextinguishedordisturbed!Thesenses,independentofreason,andoftenthemastersofreason,haveledhimintopursuitofpleasure.Allcreatureseithertormentortempthim,anddomineeroverhim,eithersubduinghimbytheirstrength,orfascinatinghimbytheircharms,atyrannymoreawfulandmoreimperious.

    "Suchisthestateinwhichmennoware.Thereremainstothemsomefeebleinstinctofthehappinessoftheirformerstate;andtheyareplungedintheevilsoftheirblindnessandtheirlust,whichhavebecometheirsecondnature."FromthisprinciplewhichIdisclosetoyou,youcanrecognizethecauseofthosecontradictionswhichhaveastonishedallmenandhavedividedthemintopartiesholdingsodifferentviews.Observe,now,allthefeelingsofgreatnessandglorywhichtheexperienceofsomanywoescannotstifle,andseeifthecauseofthemmustnotbeinanothernature.

    ForPort-Royalto-morrow(Prosopopaea).¡X"Itisinvain,Omen,thatyouseekwithinyourselvestheremedyforyourills.Allyourlightcanonlyreachtheknowledgethatnotinyourselveswillyoufindtruthorgood.Thephilosophershavepromisedyouthat,andyouhavebeenunabletodoit.Theyneitherknowwhatisyourtruegood,norwhatisyourtruestate.Howcouldtheyhavegivenremediesforyourills,whentheydidnotevenknowthem?Yourchiefmaladiesarepride,whichtakesyouawayfromGod,andlust,whichbindsyoutoearth;andtheyhavedonenothingelsebutcherishoneorotherofthesediseases.IftheygaveyouGodasanend,itwasonlytoadministertoyourpride;theymadeyouthinkthatyouarebynaturelikeHimandconformedtoHim.Andthosewhosawtheabsurdityofthisclaimputyouonanotherprecipice,bymakingyouunderstandthatyournaturewaslikethatofthebrutes,andledyoutoseekyourgoodinthelustswhicharesharedbytheanimals.Thisisnotthewaytocureyouofyourunrighteousness,whichthesewisemenneverknew.Ialonecanmakeyouunderstandwhoyouare"

    Adam,JesusChrist.

    IfyouareunitedtoGod,itisbygrace,notbynature.Ifyouarehumbled,itisbypenitence,notbynature.

    Thusthisdoublecapacity

    Youarenotinthestateofyourcreation.

    Asthesetwostatesareopen,itisimpossibleforyounottorecognisethem.Followyourownfeelings,observeyourselves,andseeifyoudonotfindthelivelycharacteristicsofthesetwonatures.Couldsomanycontradictionsbefoundinasimplesubject?

    Incomprehensible.Notallthatisincomprehensibleceasestoexist.Infinitenumber.Aninfinitespaceequaltoafinite.

    IncrediblethatGodshoulduniteHimselftous.Thisconsiderationisdrawnonlyfromthesightofourvileness.Butifyouarequitesincereoverit,followitasfarasIhavedoneandrecognisethatweareindeedsovilethatweareincapableinourselvesofknowingifHismercycannotmakeuscapableofHim.ForIwouldknowhowthisanimal,whoknowshimselftobesoweak,hastherighttomeasurethemercyofGodandsetlimitstoit,suggestedbyhisownfancy.HehassolittleknowledgeofwhatGodisthathedoesnotknowwhathehimselfis,and,completelydisturbedatthesightofhisownstate,darestosaythatGodcannotmakehimcapableofcommunionwithHim.

    ButIwouldaskhimifGoddemandsanythingelsefromhimthantheknowledgeandloveofHim,andwhy,sincehisnatureiscapableofloveandknowledge,hebelievesthatGodcannotmakeHimselfknownandlovedbyhim.Doubtlessheknowsatleastthatheexists,andthathelovessomething.Therefore,ifheseesanythinginthedarknesswhereinheis,andifhefindssomeobjectofhisloveamongthethingsonearth,why,ifGodimparttohimsomerayofHisessence,willhenotbecapableofknowingandoflovingHiminthemannerinwhichitshallpleaseHimtocommunicateHimselftous?Theremust,then,becertainlyanintolerablepresumptioninargumentsofthissort,althoughtheyseemfoundedonanapparenthumility,whichisneithersincerenorreasonable,ifitdoesnotmakeusadmitthat,notknowingofourselveswhatweare,wecanonlylearnitfromGod.

    "Idonotmeanthatyoushouldsubmityourbelieftomewithoutreason,andIdonotaspiretoovercomeyoubytyranny.Infact,Idonotclaimtogiveyouareasonforeverything.Andtoreconcilethesecontradictions,Iintendtomakeyouseeclearly,byconvincingproofs,thosedivinesignsinme,whichmayconvinceyouofwhatIam,andmaygainauthorityformebywondersandproofswhichyoucannotreject;sothatyoumaythenbelievewithoutthethingswhichIteachyou,sinceyouwillfindnoothergroundforrejectingthem,exceptthatyoucannotknowofyourselvesiftheyaretrueornot.

    "Godhaswilledtoredeemmenandtoopensalvationtothosewhoseekit.ButmenrenderthemselvessounworthyofitthatitisrightthatGodshouldrefusetosome,becauseoftheirobduracy,whatHegrantsothersfromacompassionwhichisnotduetothem.IfHehadwilledtoovercometheobstinacyofthemosthardened,HecouldhavedonesobyrevealingHimselfsomanifestlytothemthattheycouldnothavedoubtedofthetruthofHisessence;asitwillappearatthelastday,withsuchthundersandsuchaconvulsionofnaturethatthedeadwillriseagain,andtheblindestwillseeHim.

    "ItisnotinthismannerthatHehaswilledtoappearinHisadventofmercy,because,assomanymakethemselvesunworthyofHismercy,Hehaswilledtoleavetheminthelossofthegoodwhichtheydonotwant.Itwasnot,then,rightthatHeshouldappearinamannermanifestlydivine,andcompletelycapableofconvincingallmen;butitwasalsonotrightthatHeshouldcomeinsohiddenamannerthatHecouldnotbeknownbythosewhoshouldsincerelyseekHim.Hehaswilledtomakehimselfquiterecognisablebythose;andthus,willingtoappearopenlytothosewhoseekHimwithalltheirheart,andtobehiddenfromthosewhofleefromHimwithalltheirheart,HesoregulatestheknowledgeofHimselfthatHehasgivensignsofHimself,visibletothosewhoseekHim,andnottothosewhoseekHimnot.Thereisenoughlightforthosewhoonlydesiretosee,andenoughobscurityforthosewhohaveacontrarydisposition."

    431.Nootherreligionhasrecognisedthatmanisthemostexcellentcreature.Some,whichhavequiterecognisedtherealityofhisexcellence,haveconsideredasmeanandungratefulthelowopinionswhichmennaturallyhaveofthemselves;andothers,whichhavethoroughlyrecognisedhowrealisthisvileness,havetreatedwithproudridiculethosefeelingsofgreatness,whichareequallynaturaltoman.

    "LiftyoureyestoGod,"saythefirst;"seeHimwhomyouresembleandwhohascreatedyoutoworshipHim.YoucanmakeyourselveslikeuntoHim;wisdomwillmakeyouequaltoHim,ifyouwillfollowit.""Raiseyourheads,freemen,"saysEpictetus.Andotherssay,"Bendyoureyestotheearth,wretchedwormthatyouare,andconsiderthebruteswhosecompanionyouare."

    What,then,willmanbecome?WillhebeequaltoGodorthebrutes?Whatafrightfuldifference!What,then,shallwebe?Whodoesnotseefromallthisthatmanhasgoneastray,thathehasfallenfromhisplace,thatheanxiouslyseeksit,thathecannotfinditagain?Andwhoshallthendirecthimtoit?Thegreatestmenhavefailed.

    432.Scepticismistrue;for,afterall,menbeforeJesusChristdidnotknowwheretheywere,norwhethertheyweregreatorsmall.Andthosewhohavesaidtheoneortheotherknewnothingaboutitandguessedwithoutreasonandbychance.Theyalsoerredalwaysinexcludingtheoneortheother.

    Quodergoignorantes,quaeritis,religioannuntiatvobis.

    433.Afterhavingunderstoodthewholenatureofman.¡XThatareligionmaybetrue,itmusthaveknowledgeofournature.Itoughttoknowitsgreatnessandlittleness,andthereasonofboth.WhatreligionbuttheChristianhasknownthis?

    434.Thechiefargumentsofthesceptics¡XIpassoverthelesserones¡Xarethatwehavenocertaintyofthetruthoftheseprinciplesapartfromfaithandrevelation,exceptinsofaraswenaturallyperceivetheminourselves.Nowthisnaturalintuitionisnotaconvincingproofoftheirtruth;since,havingnocertainty,apartfromfaith,whethermanwascreatedbyagoodGod,orbyawickeddemon,orbychance,itisdoubtfulwhethertheseprinciplesgiventousaretrue,orfalse,oruncertain,accordingtoourorigin.Again,nopersoniscertain,apartfromfaith,whetherheisawakeorsleeps,seeingthatduringsleepwebelievethatweareawakeasfirmlyaswedowhenweareawake;webelievethatweseespace,figure,andmotion;weareawareofthepassageoftime,wemeasureit;andinfactweactasifwewereawake.Sothathalfofourlifebeingpassedinsleep,wehaveonourownadmissionnoideaoftruth,whateverwemayimagine.Asallourintuitionsare,then,illusions,whoknowswhethertheotherhalfofourlife,inwhichwethinkweareawake,isnotanothersleepalittledifferentfromtheformer,fromwhichweawakewhenwesupposeourselvesasleep?

    Andwhodoubtsthat,ifwedreamtincompany,andthedreamschancedtoagree,whichiscommonenough,andifwewerealwaysalonewhenawake,weshouldbelievethatmatterswerereversed?Inshort,asweoftendreamthatwedream,heapingdreamupondream,mayitnotbethatthishalfofourlife,whereinwethinkourselvesawake,isitselfonlyadreamonwhichtheothersaregrafted,fromwhichwewakeatdeath,duringwhichwehaveasfewprinciplesoftruthandgoodasduringnaturalsleep,thesedifferentthoughtswhichdisturbusbeingperhapsonlyillusionsliketheflightoftimeandthevainfanciesofourdreams?

    Thesearethechiefargumentsononesideandtheother.

    Iomitminorones,suchasthescepticaltalkagainsttheimpressionsofcustom,education,manners,countryandthelike.Thoughtheseinfluencethemajorityofcommonfolk,whodogmatiseonlyonshallowfoundations,theyareupsetbytheleastbreathofthesceptics.Wehaveonlytoseetheirbooksifwearenotsufficientlyconvincedofthis,andweshallveryquicklybecomeso,perhapstoomuch.

    Inoticetheonlystrongpointofthedogmatists,namely,that,speakingingoodfaithandsincerely,wecannotdoubtnaturalprinciples.Againstthisthescepticssetupinonewordtheuncertaintyofourorigin,whichincludesthatofournature.Thedogmatistshavebeentryingtoanswerthisobjectioneversincetheworldbegan.

    Sothereisopenwaramongmen,inwhicheachmusttakeapartandsideeitherwithdogmatismorscepticism.Forhewhothinkstoremainneutralisaboveallasceptic.Thisneutralityistheessenceofthesect;hewhoisnotagainstthemisessentiallyforthem.Inthisappearstheiradvantage.Theyarenotforthemselves;theyareneutral,indifferent,insuspenseastoallthings,eventhemselvesbeingnoexception.

    What,then,shallmandointhisstate?Shallhedoubteverything?Shallhedoubtwhetherheisawake,whetherheisbeingpinched,orwhetherheisbeingburned?Shallhedoubtwhetherhedoubts?Shallhedoubtwhetherheexists?Wecannotgosofarasthat;andIlayitdownasafactthatthereneverhasbeenarealcompletesceptic.Naturesustainsourfeeblereasonandpreventsitravingtothisextent.

    Shallhe,then,say,onthecontrary,thathecertainlypossessestruth¡Xhewho,whenpressedeversolittle,canshownotitletoitandisforcedtoletgohishold?

    Whatachimera,then,isman!Whatanovelty!Whatamonster,whatachaos,whatacontradiction,whataprodigy!Judgeofallthings,imbecilewormoftheearth;depositaryoftruth,asinkofuncertaintyanderror;theprideandrefuseoftheuniverse!

    Whowillunravelthistangle?Natureconfutesthesceptics,andreasonconfutesthedogmatists.What,then,willyoubecome,Omen!whotrytofindoutbyyournaturalreasonwhatisyourtruecondition?Youcannotavoidoneofthesesects,noradheretooneofthem.

    Knowthen,proudman,whataparadoxyouaretoyourself.Humbleyourself,weakreason;besilent,foolishnature;learnthatmaninfinitelytranscendsman,andlearnfromyourMasteryourtruecondition,ofwhichyouareignorant.HearGod.

    Forinfact,ifmanhadneverbeencorrupt,hewouldenjoyinhisinnocencebothtruthandhappinesswithassurance;andifmanhadalwaysbeencorrupt,hewouldhavenoideaoftruthorbliss.But,wretchedasweare,andmoresothaniftherewerenogreatnessinourcondition,wehaveanideaofhappinessandcannotreachit.Weperceiveanimageoftruthandpossessonlyalie.Incapableofabsoluteignoranceandofcertainknowledge,wehavethusbeenmanifestlyinadegreeofperfectionfromwhichwehaveunhappilyfallen.

    Itis,however,anastonishingthingthatthemysteryfurthestremovedfromourknowledge,namely,thatofthetransmissionofsin,shouldbeafactwithoutwhichwecanhavenoknowledgeofourselves.Foritisbeyonddoubtthatthereisnothingwhichmoreshocksourreasonthantosaythatthesinofthefirstmanhasrenderedguiltythosewho,beingsoremovedfromthissource,seemincapableofparticipationinit.Thistransmissiondoesnotonlyseemtousimpossible,itseemsalsoveryunjust.Forwhatismorecontrarytotherulesofourmiserablejusticethantodamneternallyaninfantincapableofwill,forasinwhereinheseemstohavesolittleasharethatitwascommittedsixthousandyearsbeforehewasinexistence?Certainlynothingoffendsusmorerudelythanthisdoctrine;andyetwithoutthismystery,themostincomprehensibleofall,weareincomprehensibletoourselves.Theknotofourconditiontakesitstwistsandturnsinthisabyss,sothatmanismoreinconceivablewithoutthismysterythanthismysteryisinconceivabletoman.

    WhenceitseemsthatGod,willingtorenderthedifficultyofourexistenceunintelligibletoourselves,hasconcealedtheknotsohigh,or,betterspeaking,solow,thatwearequiteincapableofreachingit;sothatitisnotbytheproudexertionsofourreason,butbythesimplesubmissionsofreason,thatwecantrulyknowourselves.

    Thesefoundations,solidlyestablishedontheinviolableauthorityofreligion,makeusknowthattherearetwotruthsoffaithequallycertain:theone,thatman,inthestateofcreation,orinthatofgrace,israisedaboveallnature,madelikeuntoGodandsharinginHisdivinity;theother,thatinthestateofcorruptionandsin,heisfallenfromthisstateandmadelikeuntothebeasts.

    Thesetwopropositionsareequallysoundandcertain.Scripturemanifestlydeclaresthistous,whenitsaysinsomeplaces:Deliciaemeaeessecumfiliishominum.Effundamspiritummeumsuperomnemcarnem.Diiestis,etc.;andinotherplaces,Omniscarofaenum.Homoassimilatusestjumentisinsipientibus,etsimilisfactusestillis.Dixiincordemeodefiliishominum.

    WhenceitclearlyseemsthatmanbygraceismadelikeuntoGod,andapartakerinHisdivinity,andthatwithoutgraceheislikeuntothebrutebeasts.

    435.Withoutthisdivineknowledgewhatcouldmendobuteitherbecomeelatedbytheinnerfeelingoftheirpastgreatnesswhichstillremainstothem,orbecomedespondentatthesightoftheirpresentweakness?For,notseeingthewholetruth,theycouldnotattaintoperfectvirtue.Someconsideringnatureasincorrupt,othersasincurable,theycouldnotescapeeitherprideorsloth,thetwosourcesofallvice;sincetheycannotbuteitherabandonthemselvestoitthroughcowardice,orescapeitbypride.Foriftheyknewtheexcellenceofman,theywereignorantofhiscorruption;sothattheyeasilyavoidedsloth,butfellintopride.Andiftheyrecognizedtheinfirmityofnature,theywereignorantofitsdignity;sothattheycouldeasilyavoidvanity,butitwastofallintodespair.ThencearisethedifferentschoolsoftheStoicsandEpicureans,theDogmatists,Academicians,etc.

    TheChristianreligionalonehasbeenabletocurethesetwovices,notbyexpellingtheonethroughmeansoftheotheraccordingtothewisdomoftheworld,butbyexpellingbothaccordingtothesimplicityoftheGospel.Foritteachestherighteousthatitraisesthemeventoaparticipationindivinityitself;thatinthisloftystatetheystillcarrythesourceofallcorruption,whichrendersthemduringalltheirlifesubjecttoerror,misery,death,andsin;anditproclaimstothemostungodlythattheyarecapableofthegraceoftheirRedeemer.Somakingthosetremblewhomitjustifies,andconsolingthosewhomitcondemns,religionsojustlytempersfearwithhopethroughthatdoublecapacityofgraceandofsin,commontoall,thatithumblesinfinitelymorethanreasonalonecando,butwithoutdespair;anditexaltsinfinitelymorethannaturalpride,butwithoutinflating;thusmakingitevidentthatalonebeingexemptfromerrorandvice,italonefulfilsthedutyofinstructingandcorrectingmen.

    Who,then,canrefusetobelieveandadorethisheavenlylight?Forisitnotclearerthandaythatweperceivewithinourselvesineffaceablemarksofexcellence?Andisitnotequallytruethatweexperienceeveryhourtheresultsofourdeplorablecondition?Whatdoesthischaosandmonstrousconfusionproclaimtousbutthetruthofthesetwostates,withavoicesopowerfulthatitisimpossibletoresistit?

    436.Weakness.¡XEverypursuitofmenistogetwealth;andtheycannothaveatitletoshowthattheypossessitjustly,fortheyhaveonlythatofhumancaprice;norhavetheystrengthtoholditsecurely.Itisthesamewithknowledge,fordiseasetakesitaway.Weareincapablebothoftruthandgoodness.

    437.Wedesiretruth,andfindwithinourselvesonlyuncertainty.

    Weseekhappiness,andfindonlymiseryanddeath.

    Wecannotbutdesiretruthandhappiness,andareincapableofcertaintyorhappiness.Thisdesireislefttous,partlytopunishus,partlytomakeusperceivewherefromwearefallen.

    438.IfmanisnotmadeforGod,whyisheonlyhappyinGod?IfmanismadeforGod,whyishesoopposedtoGod?

    439.Naturecorrupted.¡XMandoesnotactbyreason,whichconstituteshisbeing.

    440.Thecorruptionofreasonisshownbytheexistenceofsomanydifferentandextravagantcustoms.Itwasnecessarythattruthshouldcome,inorderthatmanshouldnolongerdwellwithinhimself.

    441.Formyself,Iconfessthat,sosoonastheChristianreligionrevealstheprinciplethathumannatureiscorruptandfallenfromGod,thatopensmyeyestoseeeverywherethemarkofthistruth:fornatureissuchthatshetestifieseverywhere,bothwithinmanandwithouthim,toalostGodandacorruptnature.

    442.Man-struenature,histruegood,truevirtue,andtruereligion,arethingsofwhichtheknowledgeisinseparable.

    443.Greatness,wretchedness.¡XThemorelightwehave,themoregreatnessandthemorebasenesswediscoverinman.Ordinarymen¡Xthosewhoaremoreeducated:philosophers,theyastonishordinarymen¡XChristians,theyastonishphilosophers.

    Whowillthenbesurprisedtoseethatreligiononlymakesusknowprofoundlywhatwealreadyknowinproportiontoourlight?

    444.Thisreligiontaughttoherchildrenwhatmenhaveonlybeenabletodiscoverbytheirgreatestknowledge.

    445.Originalsinisfoolishnesstomen,butitisadmittedtobesuch.Youmustnot,then,reproachmeforthewantofreasoninthisdoctrine,sinceIadmitittobewithoutreason.Butthisfoolishnessiswiserthanallthewisdomofmen,sapientiusesthominibus.Forwithoutthis,whatcanwesaythatmanis?Hiswholestatedependsonthisimperceptiblepoint.Andhowshoulditbeperceivedbyhisreason,sinceitisathingagainstreason,andsincereason,farfromfindingitoutbyherownways,isaversetoitwhenitispresentedtoher?

    446.Oforiginalsin.AmpletraditionoforiginalsinaccordingtotheJews.

    OnthesayinginGenesis8:21:"Theimaginationofman-sheartisevilfromhisyouth."

    R.MosesHaddarschan:Thisevilleavenisplacedinmanfromthetimethatheisformed.

    MassechetSucca:ThisevilleavenhassevennamesinScripture.Itiscalledevil,theforeskin,uncleanness,anenemy,ascandal,aheartofstone,thenorthwind;allthissignifiesthemalignitywhichisconcealedandimpressedintheheartofman.

    MidraschTillimsaysthesamethingandthatGodwilldeliverthegoodnatureofmanfromtheevil.

    Thismalignityisrenewedeverydayagainstman,asitiswritten,Psalm37:32:"Thewickedwatcheththerighteous,andseekethtoslayhim";butGodwillnotabandonhim.Thismalignitytriestheheartofmaninthislifeandwillaccusehimintheother.AllthisisfoundintheTalmud.

    MidraschTillimonPsalm4:4:"Standinaweandsinnot."Standinaweandbeafraidofyourlust,anditwillnotleadyouintosin.AndonPsalm36:1:"Thewickedhassaidwithinhisownheart:LetnotthefearofGodbebeforeme."Thatistosaythatthemalignitynaturaltomanhassaidthattothewicked.

    MidraschelKohelet:"Betterisapoorandwisechildthananoldandfoolishkingwhocannotforeseethefuture."Thechildisvirtue,andthekingisthemalignityofman.Itiscalledkingbecauseallthemembersobeyit,andoldbecauseitisinthehumanheartfrominfancytooldage,andfoolishbecauseitleadsmaninthewayofperdition,whichhedoesnotforesee.ThesamethingisinMidraschTillim.

    BereschistRabbaonPsalm35:10:"Lord,allmybonesshallblessThee,whichdeliverestthepoorfromthetyrant."Andisthereagreatertyrantthantheevilleaven?AndonProverbs25:21:"Ifthineenemybehungry,givehimbreadtoeat."Thatistosay,iftheevilleavenhunger,givehimthebreadofwisdomofwhichitisspokeninProverbs9,andifhebethirsty,givehimthewaterofwhichitisspokeninIsaiah55.

    MidraschTillimsaysthesamething,andthatScriptureinthatpassage,speakingoftheenemy,meanstheevilleaven;andthat,ingivinghimthatbreadandthatwater,weheapcoalsoffireonhishead.

    MidraschelKoheletonEcclesiastes9:14:"Agreatkingbesiegedalittlecity."Thisgreatkingistheevilleaven;thegreatbulwarksbuiltagainstitaretemptations;andtherehasbeenfoundapoorwisemanwhohasdeliveredit¡Xthatistosay,virtue.

    AndonPsalm41:1:"Blessedishethatconsidereththepoor."

    AndonPsalm78:39:"Thespiritpassethaway,andcomethnotagain";whencesomehaveerroneouslyarguedagainsttheimmortalityofthesoul.Butthesenseisthatthisspiritistheevilleaven,whichaccompaniesmantilldeathandwillnotreturnattheresurrection.

    AndonPsalm103thesamething.

    AndonPsalm16.

    PrinciplesofRabbinism:twoMessiahs.

    447.Willitbesaidthat,asmenhavedeclaredthatrighteousnesshasdepartedtheearth,theythereforeknewoforiginalsin?¡XNemoanteobitumbeatusest¡Xthatistosay,theyknewdeathtobethebeginningofeternalandessentialhappiness?

    448.Miltonseeswellthatnatureiscorruptandthatmenareaversetovirtue;hedoesnotknowwhytheycannotflyhigher.

    449.Order.¡XAfterCorruptiontosay:"Itisrightthatallthosewhoareinthatstateshouldknowit,boththosewhoarecontentwithit,andthosewhoarenotcontentwithit;butitisnotrightthatallshouldseeRedemption."

    450.Ifwedonotknowourselvestobefullofpride,ambition,lust,weakness,misery,andinjustice,weareindeedblind.Andif,knowingthis,wedonotdesiredeliverance,whatcanwesayofaman?

    Whatthen,canwehavebutesteemforareligionwhichknowssowellthedefectsofman,anddesireforthetruthofareligionwhichpromisesremediessodesirable?

    451.Allmennaturallyhateoneanother.Theyemploylustasfaraspossibleintheserviceofthepublicweal.Butthisisonlyapretneceandafalseimageoflove;foratbottomitisonlyhate.

    452.Topitytheunfortunateisnotcontrarytolust.Onthecontrary,wecanquitewellgivesuchevidenceoffriendship,andacquirethereputationofkindlyfeeling,withoutgivinganything.

    453.Fromlustmenhavefoundandextractedexcellentrulesofpolicy,morality,andjustice;butinrealitythisvilerootofman,thisfigmentummalum,isonlycovered,itisnottakenaway.

    454.Injustice.¡XTheyhavenotfoundanyothermeansofsatisfyinglustwithoutdoinginjurytoothers.

    455.Selfishateful.You,Milton,concealit;youdonotforthatreasondestroyit;youare,then,alwayshateful.

    No;forinactingaswedotoobligeeverybody,wegivenomoreoccasionforhatredofus.Thatistrue,ifweonlyhatedinSelfthevexationwhichcomestousfromit.ButifIhateitbecauseitisunjustandbecauseitmakesitselfthecentreofeverything,Ishallalwayshateit.

    Inaword,theSelfhastwoqualities:itisunjustinitselfsinceitmakesitselfthecentreofeverything;itisinconvenienttootherssinceitwouldenslavethem;foreachSelfistheenemy,andwouldliketobethetyrantofallothers.Youtakeawayitsinconvenience,butnotitsinjustice,andsoyoudonotrenderitlovabletothosewhohateinjustice;yourenderitlovableonlytotheunjust,whodonotanylongerfindinitanenemy.Andthusyouremainunjustandcanpleaseonlytheunjust.

    456.Itisapervertedjudgementthatmakeseveryoneplacehimselfabovetherestoftheworld,andpreferhisowngood,andthecontinuanceofhisowngoodfortuneandlife,tothatoftherestoftheworld!

    457.Eachoneisallinalltohimself;forhebeingdead,allisdeadtohim.Henceitcomesthateachbelieveshimselftobeallinalltoeverybody.Wemustnotjudgeofnaturebyourselves,butbyit.

    458."Allthatisintheworldisthelustoftheflesh,orthelustoftheeyes,ortheprideoflife;libidosentiendi,libidosciendi,libidodominandi."Wretchedisthecursedlandwhichthesethreeriversoffireenflameratherthanwater!Happytheywho,ontheserivers,arenotoverwhelmednorcarriedaway,butareimmovablyfixed,notstandingbutseatedonalowandsecurebase,whencetheydonotrisebeforethelight,but,havingrestedinpeace,stretchouttheirhandstoHim,whomustliftthemup,andmakethemstanduprightandfirmintheporchesoftheholyJerusalem!Therepridecannolongerassailthemnorcastthemdown;andyettheyweep,nottoseeallthoseperishablethingssweptawaybythetorrents,butattheremembranceoftheirlovedcountry,theheavenlyJerusalem,whichtheyrememberwithoutceasingduringtheirprolongedexile.

    459.TheriversofBabylonrushandfallandsweepaway.

    OholyZion,whereallisfirmandnothingfalls!

    Wemustsituponthewaters,notunderthemorinthem,butonthem;andnotstandingbutseated;beingseatedtobehumble,andbeingabovethemtobesecure.ButweshallstandintheporchesofJerusalem.

    Letusseeifthispleasureisstableortransitory;ifitpassaway,itisariverofBabylon.

    460.Thelustoftheflesh,thelustoftheeyes,pride,etc.¡XTherearethreeordersofthings:theflesh,thespirit,andthewill.Thecarnalaretherichandkings;theyhavethebodyastheirobject.Inquirersandscientists;theyhavethemindastheirobject.Thewise;theyhaverighteousnessastheirobject.

    Godmustreignoverall,andallmenmustbebroughtbacktoHim.Inthingsofthefleshlustreignsspecially;inintellectualmatters,inquiryspecially;inwisdom,pridespecially.Notthatamancannotboastofwealthorknowledge,butitisnottheplaceforpride;foringrantingtoamanthatheislearned,itiseasytoconvincehimthatheiswrongtobeproud.Theproperplaceforprideisinwisdom,foritcannotbegrantedtoamanthathehasmadehimselfwise,andthatheiswrongtobeproud;forthatisright.NowGodalonegiveswisdom,andthatiswhyQuigloriatur,inDominoglorietur.

    461.Thethreelustshavemadethreesects;andthephilosophershavedonenootherthingthanfollowoneofthethreelusts.

    462.Searchforthetruegood.¡XOrdinarymenplacethegoodinfortuneandexternalgoods,oratleastinamusement.Philosophershaveshownthevanityofallthisandhaveplaceditwheretheycould.

    463.Philosophers.¡XTheybelievethatGodaloneisworthytobelovedandadmired;andtheyhavedesiredtobelovedandadmiredofmenanddonotknowtheirowncorruption.Iftheyfeelfulloffeelingsofloveandadmirationandfindthereintheirchiefdelight,verywell,letthemthinkthemselvesgood.ButiftheyfindthemselvesaversetoHim,iftheyhavenoinclinationbutthedesiretoestablishthemselvesintheesteemofmen,andiftheirwholeperfectionconsistsonlyinmakingmen¡Xbutwithoutconstraint¡Xfindtheirhappinessinlovingthem,Ideclarethatthisperfectionishorrible.What!theyhaveknownGodandhavenotdesiredsolelythatmenshouldloveHim,butthatmenshouldstopshortatthem!Theyhavewantedtobetheobjectofthevoluntarydelightofmen.

    464.Philosophers.¡XWearefullofthingswhichtakeusoutofourselves.

    Ourinstinctmakesusfeelthatwemustseekourhappinessoutsideourselves.Ourpassionsimpelusoutside,evenwhennoobjectspresentthemselvestoexcitethem.Externalobjectstemptusofthemselves,andcalltous,evenwhenwearenotthinkingofthem.Andthusphilosophershavesaidinvain:"Retirewithinyourselves,youwillfindyourgoodthere."Wedonotbelievethem,andthosewhobelievethemarethemostemptyandthemostfoolish.

    465.TheStoicssay,"Retirewithinyourselves;itisthereyouwillfindyourrest."

    Andthatisnottrue.

    Otherssay,"Gooutofyourselves;seekhappinessinamusement."Andthisisnottrue.Illnesscomes.

    Happinessisneitherwithoutusnorwithinus.ItisinGod,bothwithoutusandwithinus.

    466.HadEpictetusseenthewayperfectly,hewouldhavesaidtomen,"Youfollowawrongroad";heshowsthatthereisanother,buthedoesnotleadtoit.ItisthewayofwillingwhatGodwills.JesusChristaloneleadstoit:Via,veritas.ThevicesofZenohimself.

    467.Thereasonofeffects.¡XEpictetus.Thosewhosay,"Youhaveaheadache";thisisnotthesamething.Weareassuredofhealth,andnotofjustice;andinfacthisownwasnonsense.

    Andyethebelieveditdemonstrable,whenhesaid,"Itiseitherinourpoweroritisnot."Buthedidnotperceivethatitisnotinourpowertoregulatetheheart,andhewaswrongtoinferfromthisthefactthatthereweresomeChristians.

    468.Nootherreligionhasproposedtomentohatethemselves.Nootherreligion,then,canpleasethosewhohatethemselves,andwhoseekaBeingtrulylovable.Andthese,iftheyhadneverheardofthereligionofaGodhumiliated,wouldembraceitatonce.

    469.IfeelthatImightnothavebeen;fortheEgoconsistsinmythoughts.ThereforeI,whothink,wouldnothavebeen,ifmymotherhadbeenkilledbeforeIhadlife.Iamnot,then,anecessarybeing.InthesamewayIamnoteternalorinfinite;butIseeplainlythatthereexistsinnatureanecessaryBeing,eternalandinfinite.

    470."HadIseenamiracle,"saymen,"Ishouldbecomeconverted."Howcantheybesuretheywoulddoathingofthenatureofwhichtheyareignorant?TheyimaginethatthisconversionconsistsinaworshipofGodwhichislikecommerce,andinacommunionsuchastheypicturetothemselves.TruereligionconsistsinannihilatingselfbeforethatUniversalBeing,whomwehavesooftenprovoked,andwhocanjustlydestroyusatanytime;inrecognisingthatwecandonothingwithoutHim,andhavedeservednothingfromHimbutHisdispleasure.ItconsistsinknowingthatthereisanunconquerableoppositionbetweenusandGod,andthatwithoutamediatortherecanbenocommunionwithHim.

    471.Itisunjustthatmenshouldattachthemselvestome,eventhoughtheydoitwithpleasureandvoluntarily.IshoulddeceivethoseinwhomIhadcreatedthisdesire;forIamnottheendofany,andIhavenotthewherewithaltosatisfythem.AmInotabouttodie?Andthustheobjectoftheirattachmentwilldie.Therefore,asIwouldbeblamableincausingafalsehoodtobebelieved,thoughIshouldemploygentlepersuasion,thoughitshouldbebelievedwithpleasure,andthoughitshouldgivemepleasure;evensoIamblamableinmakingmyselflovedandifIattractpersonstoattachthemselvestome.Ioughttowarnthosewhoarereadytoconsenttoaliethattheyoughtnottobelieveit,whateveradvantagecomestomefromit;andlikewisethattheyoughtnottoattachthemselvestome;fortheyoughttospendtheirlifeandtheircareinpleasingGod,orinseekingHim.

    472.Self-willwillneverbesatisfied,thoughitshouldhavecommandofallitwould;butwearesatisfiedfromthemomentwerenounceit.Withoutitwecannotbediscontented;withitwecannotbecontent.

    473.Letusimagineabodyfullofthinkingmembers.

    474.Members.Tocommencewiththat.¡XToregulatethelovewhichweowetoourselves,wemustimagineabodyfullofthinkingmembers,forwearemembersofthewhole,andmustseehoweachmembershouldloveitself,etc

    475.Ifthefeetandthehandshadawilloftheirown,theycouldonlybeintheirorderinsubmittingthisparticularwilltotheprimarywillwhichgovernsthewholebody.Apartfromthat,theyareindisorderandmischief;butinwillingonlythegoodofthebody,theyaccomplishtheirowngood.

    476.WemustloveGodonlyandhateselfonly.

    Ifthefoothadalwaysbeenignorantthatitbelongedtothebody,andthattherewasabodyonwhichitdepended,ifithadonlyhadtheknowledgeandtheloveofself,andifitcametoknowthatitbelongedtoabodyonwhichitdepended,whatregret,whatshameforitspastlife,forhavingbeenuselesstothebodywhichinspireditslife,whichwouldhaveannihilateditifithadrejecteditandseparateditfromitself,asitkeptitselfapartfromthebody!Whatprayersforitspreservationinit!Andwithwhatsubmissionwoulditallowitselftobegovernedbythewillwhichrulesthebody,eventoconsenting,ifnecessary,tobecutoff,oritwouldloseitscharacterasmember!Foreverymembermustbequitewillingtoperishforthebody,forwhichalonethewholeis.

    477.Itisfalsethatweareworthyoftheloveofothers;itisunfairthatweshoulddesireit.Ifwewerebornreasonableandimpartial,knowingourselvesandothers,weshouldnotgivethisbiastoourwill.However,wearebornwithit;thereforebornunjust,foralltendstoself.Thisiscontrarytoallorder.Wemustconsiderthegeneralgood;andthepropensitytoselfisthebeginningofalldisorder,inwar,inpolitics,ineconomy,andintheparticularbodyofman.Thewillisthereforedepraved.

    Ifthemembersofnaturalandcivilcommunitiestendtowardsthewealofthebody,thecommunitiesthemselvesoughttolooktoanothermoregeneralbodyofwhichtheyaremembers.Weought,therefore,tolooktothewhole.Weare,therefore,bornunjustanddepraved.

    478.WhenwewanttothinkofGod,istherenothingwhichturnsusaway,andtemptsustothinkofsomethingelse?Allthisisbad,andisborninus.

    479.IfthereisaGod,wemustloveHimonlyandnotthecreaturesofaday.ThereasoningoftheungodlyintheBookofWisdomisonlybaseduponthenonexistenceofGod."Onthatsupposition,"saythey,"letustakedelightinthecreatures."Thatistheworstthatcanhappen.ButiftherewereaGodtolove,theywouldnothavecometothisconclusion,buttoquitethecontrary.Andthisistheconclusionofthewise:"ThereisaGod;letusthereforenottakedelightinthecreatures."

    Thereforeallthatincitesustoattachourselvestothecreaturesisbad;sinceitpreventsusfromservingGodifweknowHim,orfromseekingHimifweknowHimnot.Nowwearefulloflust.Thereforewearefullofevil;thereforeweoughttohateourselvesandallthatexcitedustoattachourselvestoanyotherobjectthanGodonly.

    480.Tomakethemembershappy,theymusthaveonewillandsubmitittothebody.

    481.TheexamplesofthenobledeathsoftheLacedaemoniansandothersscarcetouchus.Forwhatgoodisittous?Buttheexampleofthedeathofthemartyrstouchesus;fortheyare"ourmembers."Wehaveacommontiewiththem.Theirresolutioncanformours,notonlybyexample,butbecauseithasperhapsdeservedours.Thereisnothingofthisintheexamplesoftheheathen.Wehavenotiewiththem;aswedonotbecomerichbyseeingastrangerwhoisso,butinfactbyseeingafatherorahusbandwhoisso.

    482.Morality.¡XGodhavingmadetheheavensandtheearth,whichdonotfeelthehappinessoftheirbeing,Hehaswilledtomakebeingswhoshouldknowit,andwhoshouldcomposeabodyofthinkingmembers.Forourmembersdonotfeelthehappinessoftheirunion,oftheirwonderfulintelligence,ofthecarewhichhasbeentakentoinfuseintothemminds,andtomakethemgrowandendure.Howhappytheywouldbeiftheysawandfeltit!Butforthistheywouldneedtohaveintelligencetoknowit,andgood-willtoconsenttothatoftheuniversalsoul.Butif,havingreceivedintelligence,theyemployedittoretainnourishmentforthemselveswithoutallowingittopasstotheothermembers,theywouldbenotonlyunjust,butalsomiserable,andwouldhateratherthanlovethemselves;theirblessedness,aswellastheirduty,consistingintheirconsenttotheguidanceofthewholesoultowhichtheybelong,whichlovesthembetterthantheylovethemselves.

    483.Tobeamemberistohaveneitherlife,being,normovement,exceptthroughthespiritofthebody,andforthebody.

    Theseparatemember,seeingnolongerthebodytowhichitbelongs,hasonlyaperishinganddyingexistence.Yetitbelievesitisawhole,and,seeingnotthebodyonwhichitdepends,itbelievesitdependsonlyonselfanddesirestomakeitselfbothcentreandbody.Butnothavinginitselfaprincipleoflife,itonlygoesastrayandisastonishedintheuncertaintyofitsbeing;perceivinginfactthatitisnotabody,andstillnotseeingthatitisamemberofabody.Inshort,whenitcomestoknowitself,ithasreturned,asitwere,toitsownhome,andlovesitselfonlyforthebody.Itdeploresitspastwanderings.

    Itcannotbyitsnatureloveanyotherthing,exceptforitselfandtosubjectittoself,becauseeachthinglovesitselfmorethanall.But,inlovingthebody,itlovesitself,becauseitonlyexistsinit,byit,andforit.QuiadhaeretDeounusspiritusest.

    Thebodylovesthehand;andthehand,ifithadawill,shouldloveitselfinthesamewayasitislovedbythesoul.Alllovewhichgoesbeyondthisisunfair.

    AdhaerensDeounusspiritusest.Weloveourselves,becausewearemembersofJesusChrist.WeloveJesusChrist,becauseHeisthebodyofwhichwearemembers.Allisone,oneisintheother,liketheThreePersons.

    484.TwolawssufficetorulethewholeChristianRepublicbetterthanallthelawsofstatecraft.

    485.Thetrueandonlyvirtue,then,istohateself(forwearehatefulonaccountoflust)andtoseekatrulylovablebeingtolove.Butaswecannotlovewhatisoutsideourselves,wemustloveabeingwhoisinusandisnotourselves;andthatistrueofeachandallmen.Now,onlytheUniversalBeingissuch.ThekingdomofGodiswithinus;theuniversalgoodiswithinus,isourselves¡Xandnotourselves.

    486.Thedignityofmaninhisinnocenceconsistedinusingandhavingdominionoverthecreatures,butnowinseparatinghimselffromthemandsubjectinghimselftothem.

    487.Everyreligionisfalsewhich,astoitsfaith,doesnotworshiponeGodastheoriginofeverythingandwhich,astoitsmorality,doesnotloveoneonlyGodastheobjectofeverything.

    488ButitisimpossiblethatGodshouldeverbetheend,ifHeisnotthebeginning.Weliftoureyesonhigh,butleanuponthesand;andtheearthwilldissolve,andweshallfallwhilstlookingattheheavens.

    489.Ifthereisonesolesourceofeverything,thereisonesoleendofeverything;everythingthroughHim,everythingforHim.Thetruereligion,then,mustteachustoworshipHimonly,andtoloveHimonly.Butaswefindourselvesunabletoworshipwhatweknownot,andtoloveanyotherobjectbutourselves,thereligionwhichinstructsusinthesedutiesmustinstructusalsoofthisinability,andteachusalsotheremediesforit.Itteachesusthatbyonemanallwaslost,andthebondbrokenbetweenGodandus,andthatbyonemanthebondisrenewed.

    WearebornsoaversetothisloveofGod,anditissonecessary,thatwemustbebornguilty,orGodwouldbeunjust.

    490.Men,notbeingaccustomedtoformmerit,butonlytorecompenseitwheretheyfinditformed,judgeofGodbythemselves.

    491.ThetruereligionmusthaveasacharacteristictheobligationtoloveGod.Thisisveryjust,andyetnootherreligionhascommandedthis;ourshasdoneso.Itmustalsobeawareofhumanlustandweakness;oursisso.Itmusthaveadducedremediesforthis;oneisprayer.NootherreligionhasaskedofGodtoloveandfollowHim.

    492.Hewhohatesnotinhimselfhisself-love,andthatinstinctwhichleadshimtomakehimselfGod,isindeedblinded.Whodoesnotseethatthereisnothingsoopposedtojusticeandtruth?Foritisfalsethatwedeservethis,anditisunfairandimpossibletoattainit,sincealldemandthesamething.Itis,then,amanifestinjusticewhichisinnateinus,ofwhichwecannotgetrid,andofwhichwemustgetrid.

    Yetnoreligionhasindicatedthatthiswasasin;orthatwewereborninit;orthatwewereobligedtoresistit;orhasthoughtofgivingusremediesforit.

    493.Thetruereligionteachesourduties;ourweaknesses,pride,andlust;andtheremedies,humilityandmortification.

    494.Thetruereligionmustteachgreatnessandmisery;mustleadtotheesteemandcontemptofself,toloveandtohate.

    495.Ifitisanextraordinaryblindnesstolivewithoutinvestigatingwhatweare,itisaterribleonetoliveanevillife,whilebelievinginGod.

    496.Experiencemakesusseeanenormousdifferencebetweenpietyandgoodness.

    497.Againstthosewho,trustingtothemercyofGod,liveheedlessly,withoutdoinggoodworks.¡XAsthetwosourcesofoursinsareprideandsloth,GodhasrevealedtoustwoofHisattributestocurethem,mercyandjustice.Thepropertyofjusticeistohumblepride,howeverholymaybeourworks,etnonintresinjudicium,etc.;andthepropertyofmercyistocombatslothbyexhortingtogoodworks,accordingtothatpassage:"ThegoodnessofGodleadethtorepentance,andthatotheroftheNinevites:"LetusdopenancetoseeifperadventureHewillpityus."Andthusmercyissofarfromauthorisingslacknessthatitisonthecontrarythequalitywhichformallyattacksit;sothatinsteadofsaying,"IftherewerenomercyinGodweshouldhavetomakeeverykindofeffortaftervirtue,"wemustsay,onthecontrary,thatitisbecausethereismercyinGodthatwemustmakeeverykindofeffort.

    498.Itistruethereisdifficultyinenteringintogodliness.Butthisdifficultydoesnotarisefromthereligionwhichbeginsinus,butfromtheirreligionwhichisstillthere.Ifoursenseswerenotopposedtopenitence,andifourcorruptionwerenotopposedtothepurityofGod,therewouldbenothinginthispainfultous.Wesufferonlyinproportionasthevicewhichisnaturaltousresistssupernaturalgrace.Ourheartfeelstornasunderbetweentheseopposedefforts.ButitwouldbeveryunfairtoimputethisviolencetoGod,whoisdrawinguson,insteadoftotheworld,whichisholdingusback.Itisasachild,whichamothertearsfromthearmsofrobbers,inthepainitsuffers,shouldlovethelovingandlegitimateviolenceofherwhoprocuresitsliberty,anddetestonlytheimpetuousandtyrannicalviolenceofthosewhodetainitunjustly.ThemostcruelwarwhichGodcanmakewithmeninthislifeistoleavethemwithoutthatwarwhichHecametobring."Icametosendwar,"Hesays,"andtoteachthemofthiswar.Icametobringfireandthesword."BeforeHimtheworldlivedinthisfalsepeace.

    499.Externalworks.¡XTherenothingsoperilousaswhatpleasesGodandman.Forthosestates,whichpleaseGodandman,haveonepropertywhichpleasesGod,andanotherwhichpleasesmen;asthegreatnessofSaintTeresa.WhatpleasedGodwasherdeephumilityinthemidstofherrevelations;whatpleasedmenwasherlight.Andsowetormentourselvestoimitateherdiscourses,thinkingtoimitateherconditions,andnotsomuchtolovewhatGodlovesandtoputourselvesinthestatewhichGodloves.

    Itisbetternottofast,andbetherebyhumbled,thantofastandbeself-satisfiedtherewith.ThePhariseeandthePublican.

    Whatusewillmemorybetome,ifitcanalikehurtandhelpme,andalldependsupontheblessingofGod,whogivesonlytothingsdoneforHim,accordingtoHisrulesandinHisways,themannerbeingthusasimportantasthethingandperhapsmore;sinceGodcanbringforthgoodoutofevil,andwithoutGodwebringfortheviloutofgood?

    500.Themeaningofthewords,goodandevil.

    501.Firststep:tobeblamedfordoingevil,andpraisedfordoinggood.

    Secondstep:tobeneitherpraisednorblamed.

    502.Abrahamtooknothingforhimself,butonlyforhisservants.Sotherighteousmantakesforhimselfnothingoftheworld,noroftheapplauseoftheworld,butonlyforhispassions,whichheusesastheirmaster,sayingtotheone,"Go,"andtoanother,"Come."Subteeritappetitustuus.Thepassionsthussubduedarevirtues.EvenGodattributestoHimselfavarice,jealousy,anger;andthesearevirtuesaswellaskindness,pity,constancy,whicharealsopassions.Wemustemploythemasslaves,and,leavingtothemtheirfood,preventthesoulfromtakinganyofit,For,whenthepassionsbecomemasters,theyarevices;andtheygivetheirnutrimenttothesoul,andthesoulnourishesitselfuponitandispoisoned.

    503.PhilosophershaveconsecratedthevicesbyplacingtheminGodHimself.Christianshaveconsecratedthevirtues.

    504.Thejustmanactsbyfaithintheleastthings;whenhereproveshisservants,hedesirestheirconversionbytheSpiritofGod,andpraysGodtocorrectthem;andheexpectsasmuchfromGodasfromhisownreproofs,andpraysGodtoblesshiscorrections.AndsoinallhisotheractionsheproceedswiththeSpiritofGod;andhisactionsdeceiveusbyreasonoftheorsuspensionoftheSpiritofGodinhim;andherepentsinhisaffliction.

    505.Allthingscanbedeadlytous,eventhethingsmadetoserveus;asinnaturewallscankillus,andstairscankillus,ifwedonotwalkcircumspectly.

    Theleastmovementaffectsallnature;theentireseachangesbecauseofarock.Thus,ingrace,theleastactionaffectseverythingbyitsconsequences;thereforeeverythingisimportant.

    Ineachactionwemustlookbeyondtheactionatourpast,present,andfuturestate,andatotherswhomitaffects,andseetherelationsofallthosethings.Andthenweshallbeverycautious.

    506.LetGodnotimputetousoursins,thatistosay,alltheconsequencesandresultsofoursins,whicharedreadful,eventhoseofthesmallestfaults,ifwewishtofollowthemoutmercilessly!

    507.Thespiritofgrace;thehardnessoftheheart;externalcircumstances.

    508.Graceisindeedneededtoturnamanintoasaint;andhewhodoubtsitdoesnotknowwhatasaintoramanis.

    509.Philosophers.¡XAfinethingtocrytoamanwhodoesnotknowhimself,thatheshouldcomeofhimselftoGod!Andafinethingtosaysotoamanwhodoesknowhimself!

    510.ManisnotworthyofGod,butheisnotincapableofbeingmadeworthy.

    ItisunworthyofGodtouniteHimselftowretchedman;butitisnotunworthyofGodtopullhimoutofhismisery.

    511.IfwewouldsaythatmanistooinsignificanttodeservecommunionwithGod,wemustindeedbeverygreattojudgeofit.

    512.Itis,inpeculiarphraseology,whollythebodyofJesusChrist,butitcannotbesaidtobethewholebodyofJesusChrist.Theunionoftwothingswithoutchangedoesnotenableustosaythatonebecomestheother;thesoulthusbeingunitedtothebody,thefiretothetimber,withoutchange.Butchangeisnecessarytomaketheformoftheonebecometheformoftheother;thustheunionoftheWordtoman.Becausemybodywithoutmysoulwouldnotmakethebodyofaman;thereforemysoulunitedtoanymatterwhatsoeverwillmakemybody.Itdoesnotdistinguishthenecessaryconditionfromthesufficientcondition;theunionisnecessary,butnotsufficient.Theleftarmisnottheright.

    Impenetrabilityisapropertyofmatter.

    Identitydenumeroinregardtothesametimerequirestheidentityofmatter.

    ThusifGodunitedmysoultoabodyinChina,thesamebody,idemnumerowouldbeinChina.

    ThesameriverwhichrunsthereisidemnumeroasthatwhichrunsatthesametimeinChina.

    513.WhyGodhasestablishedprayer.

    1.TocommunicatetoHiscreaturesthedignityofcausality.

    2.Toteachusfromwhomourvirtuecomes.

    3.Tomakeusdeserveothervirtuesbywork.

    (ButtokeepHisownpre-eminence,HegrantsprayertowhomHepleases.)

    Objection:Butwebelievethatweholdprayerofourselves.

    Thisisabsurd;forsince,thoughhavingfaith,wecannothavevirtues,howshouldwehavefaith?Isthereagreaterdistancebetweeninfidelityandfaiththanbetweenfaithandvirtue?

    Merit.Thiswordisambiguous.

    MeruithabereRedemptorem.

    Meruittamsacramembratangere.

    Dignotamsacramembratangere.

    Nonsumdignus.

    Quimanducatindignus.

    Dignusestaccipere.

    Dignareme.

    GodisonlyboundaccordingtoHispromises.Hehaspromisedtograntjusticetoprayers;Hehasneverpromisedprayeronlytothechildrenofpromise.

    SaintAugustinehasdistinctlysaidthatstrengthwouldbetakenawayfromtherighteous.Butitisbychancethathesaidit;foritmighthavehappenedthattheoccasionofsayingitdidnotpresentitself.Buthisprinciplesmakeusseethat,whentheoccasionforitpresenteditself,itwasimpossiblethatheshouldnotsayit,orthatheshouldsayanythingtothecontrary.Itisthenratherthathewasforcedtosayit,whentheoccasionpresenteditself,thanthathesaidit,whentheoccasionpresenteditself,theonebeingofnecessity,theotherofchance.Butthetwoareallthatwecanask.

    514."Workoutyourownsalvationwithfear."

    Proofsofprayer.Petentidabitur.

    Thereforeitisinourpowertoask.Ontheotherhand,thereisGod.Soitisnotinourpower,sincetheobtainingof(thegrace)topraytoHimisnotinourpower.Forsincesalvationisnotinus,andtheobtainingofsuchgraceisfromHim,prayerisnotinourpower.

    TherighteousmanshouldthenhopenomoreinGod,forheoughtnottohope,buttostrivetoobtainwhathewants.

    Letusconcludethenthat,sincemanisnowunrighteoussincethefirstsin,andGodisunwillingthatheshouldtherebynotbeestrangedfromHim,itisonlybyafirsteffectthatheisnotestranged.

    Therefore,thosewhodepartfromGodhavenotthisfirsteffectwithoutwhichtheyarenotestrangedfromGod,andthosewhodonotdepartfromGodhavethisfirsteffect.Therefore,thosewhomwehaveseenpossessedforsometimeofgracebythisfirsteffect,ceasetopray,forwantofthisfirsteffect.

    ThenGodabandonsthefirstinthissense.

    515.Theelectwillbeignorantoftheirvirtues,andtheoutcastofthegreatnessoftheirsins:"Lord,whensawweTheeanhungered,thirsty"?etc.

    516.Romans3:27.Boastingisexcluded.Bywhatlaw?Ofworks?Nay,butbyfaith.Thenfaithisnotwithinourpowerlikethedeedsofthelaw,anditisgiventousinanotherway.

    517.Comfortyourselves.Itisnotfromyourselvesthatyoushouldexpectgrace;but,onthecontrary,itisinexpectingnothingfromyourselvesthatyoumusthopeforit.

    518.Everycondition,andeventhemartyrs,havetofear,accordingtoScripture.Thegreatestpainofpurgatoryistheuncertaintyofthejudgement.Deusabsconditus.

    519.John8.Multicredideruntineum.DicebatergoJesus:"SimanseritisVEREmeidiscipulieritis,etVERITASLIBERABITVOS."Responderunt:"SemenAbrahaesumus,etneminiservimusunquam."

    Thereisagreatdifferencebetweendisciplesandtruedisciples.Werecognisethembytellingthemthatthetruthwillmakethemfree;foriftheyanswerthattheyarefreeandthatitisintheirpowertocomeoutofslaverytothedevil,theyareindeeddisciples,butnottruedisciples.

    520.Thelawhasnotdestroyednature,buthasinstructedit;gracehasnotdestroyedthelaw,buthasmadeitact.FaithreceivedatbaptismisthesourceofthewholelifeofChristiansandoftheconverted.

    521.Gracewillalwaysbeintheworld,andnaturealso;sothattheformerisinsomesortnatural.AndthustherewillalwaysbePelagians,andalwaysCatholics,andalwaysstrife;becausethefirstbirthmakestheone,andthegraceofthesecondbirththeother.

    522.Thelawimposedwhatitdidnotgive.Gracegiveswhatitimposes.

    523.AllfaithconsistsinJesusChristandinAdam,andallmoralityinlustandingrace.

    524.Thereisnodoctrinemoreappropriatetomanthanthis,whichteacheshimhisdoublecapacityofreceivingandoflosinggrace,becauseofthedoubleperiltowhichheisexposed,ofdespairorofpride.

    525.Thephilosophersdidnotprescribefeelingssuitabletothetwostates.

    Theyinspiredfeelingsofpuregreatness,andthatisnotman-sstate.

    Theyinspiredfeelingsofpurelittleness,andthatisnotman-sstate.

    Theremustbefeelingsofhumility,notfromnature,butfrompenitence,nottorestinthem,buttogoontogreatness.Theremustbefeelingsofgreatness,notfrommerit,butfromgrace,andafterhavingpassedthroughhumiliation.

    526.Miseryinducesdespair,prideinducespresumption.TheIncarnationshowsmanthegreatnessofhismiserybythegreatnessoftheremedywhichherequired.

    527.TheknowledgeofGodwithoutthatofman-smiserycausespride.Theknowledgeofman-smiserywithoutthatofGodcausesdespair.TheknowledgeofJesusChristconstitutesthemiddlecourse,becauseinHimwefindbothGodandourmisery.

    528.JesusChristisaGodwhomweapproachwithoutprideandbeforewhomwehumbleourselveswithoutdespair.

    529Notadegradationwhichrendersusincapableofgood,noraholinessexemptfromevil.

    530.Apersontoldmeonedaythatoncomingfromconfessionhefeltgreatjoyandconfidence.Anothertoldmethatheremainedinfear.WhereuponIthoughtthatthesetwotogetherwouldmakeonegoodman,andthateachwaswantinginthathehadnotthefeelingoftheother.Thesameoftenhappensinotherthings.

    531.Hewhoknowsthewillofhismasterwillbebeatenwithmoreblows,becauseofthepowerhehasbyhisknowledge.Quijustusest,justificeturadhuc,becauseofthepowerhehasbyjustice.Fromhimwhohasreceivedmost,willthegreatestreckoningbedemanded,becauseofthepowerhehasbythishelp.

    532.Scripturehasprovidedpassagesofconsolationandofwarningforallconditions.

    Natureseemstohavedonethesamethingbyhertwoinfinities,naturalandmoral;forweshallalwayshavethehigherandthelower,themorecleverandthelessclever,themostexaltedandthemeanest,inordertohumbleourprideandexaltourhumility.

    533.Comminutumcor(SaintPaul).ThisistheChristiancharacter.Albahasnamedyou,Iknowyounomore(Corneille).Thatistheinhumancharacter.Thehumancharacteristheopposite.

    534.Thereareonlytwokindsofmen:therighteouswhobelievethemselvessinners;therest,sinners,whobelievethemselvesrighteous.

    535.Weoweagreatdebttothosewhopointoutfaults.Fortheymortifyus.Theyteachusthatwehavebeendespised.Theydonotpreventourbeingsointhefuture;forwehavemanyotherfaultsforwhichwemaybedespised.Theyprepareforustheexerciseofcorrectionandfreedomfromfault.

    536.Manissomadethatbycontinuallytellinghimheisafoolhebelievesit,andbycontinuallytellingittohimselfhemakeshimselfbelieveit.Formanholdsaninwardtalkwithhisselfalone,whichitbehoveshimtoregulatewell:Corrumpuntbonosmorescolloquiaprava.WemustkeepsilentasmuchaspossibleandtalkwithourselvesonlyofGod,whomweknowtobetrue;andthusweconvinceourselvesofthetruth.

    537.Christianityisstrange.Itbidsmanrecognisethatheisvile,evenabominable,andbidshimdesiretobelikeGod.Withoutsuchacounterpoise,thisdignitywouldmakehimhorriblyvain,orthishumiliationwouldmakehimterriblyabject.

    538.WithhowlittlepridedoesaChristianbelievehimselfunitedtoGod!Withhowlittlehumiliationdoesheplacehimselfonalevelwiththewormsofearth!

    Agloriousmannertowelcomelifeanddeath,goodandevil!

    539.WhatdifferenceinpointofobedienceistherebetweenasoldierandaCarthusianmonk?Forbothareequallyunderobedienceanddependent,bothengagedinequallypainfulexercises.Butthesoldieralwayshopestocommandandneverattainsthis,forevencaptainsandprincesareeverslavesanddependants;stillheeverhopesandeverworkstoattainthis.WhereastheCarthusianmonkmakesavowtobealwaysdependent.Sotheydonotdifferintheirperpetualthraldom,inwhichbothofthemalwaysexist,butinthehope,whichonealwayshas,andtheothernever.

    540.ThehopewhichChristianshaveofpossessinganinfinitegoodismingledwithrealenjoymentaswellaswithfear;foritisnotaswiththosewhoshouldhopeforakingdom,ofwhichthey,beingsubjects,wouldhavenothing;buttheyhopeforholiness,forfreedomfrominjustice,andtheyhavesomethingofthis.

    541.NoneissohappyasatrueChristian,norsoreasonable,virtuous,oramiable.

    542.TheChristianreligionalonemakesmanaltogetherlovableandhappy.Inhonesty,wecannotperhapsbealtogetherlovableandhappy.

    543.Preface.¡XThemetaphysicalproofsofGodaresoremotefromthereasoningofmen,andsocomplicated,thattheymakelittleimpression;andiftheyshouldbeofservicetosome,itwouldbeonlyduringthemomentthattheyseesuchdemonstration;butanhourafterwardstheyfeartheyhavebeenmistaken.

    Quodcuriositatecognoveruntsuperbiaamiserunt.

    ThisistheresultoftheknowledgeofGodobtainedwithoutJesusChrist;itiscommunionwithoutamediatorwiththeGodwhomtheyhaveknownwithoutamediator.WhereasthosewhohaveknownGodbyamediatorknowtheirownwretchedness.

    544.TheGodoftheChristiansisaGodwhomakesthesoulfeelthatHeisheronlygood,thatheronlyrestisinHim,thatheronlydelightisinlovingHim;andwhomakesheratthesametimeabhortheobstacleswhichkeepherbackandpreventherfromlovingGodwithallherstrength.Self-loveandlust,whichhinderus,areunbearabletoher.ThusGodmakesherfeelthatshehasthisrootofself-lovewhichdestroysher,andwhichHealonecancure.

    545.JesusChristdidnothingbutteachmenthattheylovedthemselves,thattheywereslaves,blind,sick,wretched,andsinners;thatHemustdeliverthem,enlighten,bless,andhealthem;thatthiswouldbeeffectedbyhatingself,andbyfollowingHimthroughsufferingandthedeathonthecross.

    546.WithoutJesusChristmanmustbeinviceandmisery;withJesusChristmanisfreefromviceandmisery;inHimisallourvirtueandallourhappiness.ApartfromHimthereisbutvice,misery,darkness,death,despair.

    547.WeknowGodonlybyJesusChrist.Withoutthismediator,allcommunionwithGodistakenaway;throughJesusChristweknowGod.AllthosewhohaveclaimedtoknowGod,andtoproveHimwithoutJesusChrist,havehadonlyweakproofs.ButinproofofJesusChristwehavetheprophecies,whicharesolidandpalpableproofs.Andtheseprophecies,beingaccomplishedandprovedtruebytheevent,markthecertaintyofthesetruthsand,therefore,thedivinityofChrist.InHim,then,andthroughHim,weknowGod.ApartfromHim,andwithouttheScripture,withoutoriginalsin,withoutanecessarymediatorpromisedandcome,wecannotabsolutelyproveGod,norteachrightdoctrineandrightmorality.ButthroughJesusChrist,andinJesusChrist,weproveGod,andteachmoralityanddoctrine.JesusChristis,then,thetrueGodofmen.

    Butweknowatthesametimeourwretchedness;forthisGodisnoneotherthantheSaviourofourwretchedness.SowecanonlyknowGodwellbyknowingouriniquities.ThereforethosewhohaveknownGod,withoutknowingtheirwretchedness,havenotglorifiedHim,buthaveglorifiedthemselves.QuianoncognovitpersapientiamplacuitDeoperstultitiampraedicationissalvosfacere.

    548.NotonlydoweknowGodbyJesusChristalone,butweknowourselvesonlybyJesusChrist.WeknowlifeanddeathonlythroughJesusChrist.ApartfromJesusChrist,wedonotknowwhatisourlife,norourdeath,norGod,norourselves.

    ThuswithouttheScripture,whichhasJesusChristaloneforitsobject,weknownothing,andseeonlydarknessandconfusioninthenatureofGodandinourownnature.

    549.ItisnotonlyimpossiblebutuselesstoknowGodwithoutJesusChrist.TheyhavenotdepartedfromHim,butapproached;theyhavenothumbledthemselves,but

    Quoquisqueoptimusest,pessimus,sihocipsum,quodoptimusest,adscribatsibi.

    550.IlovepovertybecauseHelovedit.Iloverichesbecausetheyaffordmethemeansofhelpingtheverypoor.Ikeepfaithwitheverybody;Idonotrendereviltothosewhowrongme,butIwishthemalotlikemine,inwhichIreceiveneitherevilnorgoodfrommen.Itrytobejust,true,sincere,andfaithfultoallmen;IhaveatenderheartforthosetowhomGodhasmorecloselyunitedme;andwhetherIamalone,orseenofmen,IdoallmyactionsinthesightofGod,whomustjudgeofthem,andtowhomIhaveconsecratedthemall.

    Thesearemysentiments;andeverydayofmylifeIblessmyRedeemer,whohasimplantedtheminme,andwho,ofamanfullofweakness,ofmiseries,oflust,ofpride,andofambition,hasmadeamanfreefromalltheseevilsbythepowerofHisgrace,towhichallthegloryofitisdue,asofmyselfIhaveonlymiseryanderror.

    551.Digniorplagisquamosculisnontimeoquiaamo.

    552.TheSepulchreofJesusChrist.¡XJesusChristwasdead,butseenontheCross.Hewasdead,andhiddenintheSepulchre.

    JesusChristwasburiedbythesaintsalone.

    JesusChristwroughtnomiracleattheSepulchre.

    Onlythesaintsenteredit.

    Itisthere,notontheCross,thatJesusChristtakesanewlife.

    ItisthelastmysteryofthePassionandtheRedemption.

    JesusChristhadnowheretorestonearthbutintheSepulchre.HisenemiesonlyceasedtopersecuteHimattheSepulchre.

    553.TheMysteryofJesus.¡XJesussuffersinHispassionsthetormentswhichmeninflictuponHim;butinHisagonyHesuffersthetormentswhichHeinflictsonhimself;turbaresemetipsum.Thisisasufferingfromnohuman,butanalmightyhand,forHemustbealmightytobearit.

    JesusseekssomecomfortatleastinHisthreedearestfriends,andtheyareasleep.HepraysthemtobearwithHimforalittle,andtheyleaveHimwithentireindifference,havingsolittlecompassionthatitcouldnotpreventtheirsleepingevenforamoment.AndthusJesuswasleftalonetothewrathofGod.

    Jesusisaloneontheearth,withoutanyonenotonlytofeelandshareHissuffering,buteventoknowofit;HeandHeavenwerealoneinthatknowledge.

    Jesusisinagarden,notofdelightasthefirstAdam,wherehelosthimselfandthewholehumanrace,butinoneofagony,whereHesavedhimselfandthewholehumanrace.

    Hesuffersthisafflictionandthisdesertioninthehorrorofnight.

    IbelievethatJesusnevercomplainedbutonthissingleoccasion;butthenHecomplainedasifhecouldnolongerbearHisextremesuffering."Mysoulissorrowful,evenuntodeath."

    Jesusseekscompanionshipandcomfortfrommen.ThisisthesoleoccasioninallHislife,asitseemstome.ButHereceivesitnot,forHisdisciplesareasleep.Jesuswillbeinagonyeventotheendoftheworld.Wemustnotsleepduringthattime.

    Jesus,inthemidstofthisuniversaldesertion,includingthatofHisownfriendschosentowatchwithHim,findingthemasleep,isvexedbecauseofthedangertowhichtheyexpose,notHim,butthemselves;Hecautionsthemfortheirownsafetyandtheirowngood,withasinceretendernessforthemduringtheiringratitude,andwarnsthemthatthespiritiswillingandthefleshweak.

    Jesus,findingthemstillasleep,withoutbeingrestrainedbyanyconsiderationforthemselvesorforHim,hasthekindnessnottowakenthemandleavestheminrepose.

    Jesusprays,uncertainofthewillofHisFather,andfearsdeath;but,whenHeknowsit,HegoesforwardtoofferHimselftodeath.Eamus.Processit(John).

    Jesusaskedofmenandwasnotheard.

    Jesus,whileHisdisciplesslept,wroughttheirsalvation.Hehaswroughtthatofeachoftherighteouswhiletheyslept,bothintheirnothingnessbeforetheirbirth,andintheirsinsaftertheirbirth.

    Hepraysonlyoncethatthecuppassaway,andthenwithsubmission;andtwicethatitcomeifnecessary.

    Jesusisweary.

    Jesus,seeingallHisfriendsasleepandallHisenemieswakeful,commitsHimselfentirelytoHisFather.

    JesusdoesnotregardinJudashisenmity,buttheorderofGod,whichHelovesandadmits,sinceHecallshimfriend.

    JesustearsHimselfawayfromHisdisciplestoenterintoHisagony;wemusttearourselvesawayfromournearestanddearesttoimitateHim.

    Jesusbeinginagonyandinthegreatestaffliction,letuspraylonger.

    WeimplorethemercyofGod,notthatHemayleaveusatpeaceinourvices,thatHemaydeliverusfromthem.

    IfGodgaveusmastersbyHisownhand,oh!hownecessaryforustoobeythemwithagoodheart!Necessityandeventsfollowinfallibly.

    "Consolethyself,thouwouldstnotseekMe,ifthouhadstnotfoundMe.

    "IthoughtoftheeinMineagony,Ihavesweatedsuchdropsofbloodforthee.

    "ItistemptingMeratherthanprovingthyself,tothinkifthouwouldstdosuchandsuchathingonanoccasionwhichhasnothappened;Ishallactintheeifitoccur.

    "LetthyselfbeguidedbyMyrules;seehowwellIhaveledtheVirginandthesaintswhohaveletMeactinthem.

    "TheFatherlovesallthatIdo.

    "DostthouwishthatitalwayscostMethebloodofMyhumanity,withoutthysheddingtears?

    "ThyconversionisMyaffair;fearnot,andpraywithconfidenceasforMe.

    "IampresentwiththeebyMyWordinScripture,byMySpiritintheChurchandbyinspiration,byMypowerinthepriests,byMyprayerinthefaithful.

    "Physicianswillnothealthee,forthouwiltdieatlast.ButitisIwhohealtheeandmakethebodyimmortal.

    "Sufferbodilychainsandservitude,Idelivertheeatpresentonlyfromspiritualservitude.

    "Iammoreafriendtotheethansuchandsuchanone,forIhavedonefortheemorethenthey;theywouldnothavesufferedwhatIhavesufferedfromthee,andtheywouldnothavediedfortheeasIhavedoneinthetimeofthineinfidelitiesandcruelties,andasIamreadytodo,anddo,amongMyelectandattheHolySacrament."

    "Ifthouknewestthysins,thouwouldstloseheart."

    Ishallloseitthen,Lord,foronThyassuranceIbelievetheirmalice.

    "No,forI,bywhomthoulearnest,canhealtheeofthem,andwhatIsaytotheeisasignthatIwillhealthee.Inproportiontothyexpiationofthem,thouwiltknowthem,anditwillbesaidtothee:-Beholdthysinsareforgiventhee-Repent,then,forthyhiddensins,andforthesecretmaliceofthosewhichthouknowest."

    Lord,IgiveTheeall.

    "Ilovetheemoreardentlythanthouhastlovedthineabominations,utimmundusproluto.

    "ToMebetheglory,nottothee,wormoftheearth.

    "Askthyconfessor,whenMyownwordsaretotheeoccasionofevil,vanity,orcuriosity."

    Iseeinmedepthsofpride,curiosity,andlust.ThereisnorelationbetweenmeandGod,norJesusChristtheRighteous.ButHehasbeenmadesinforme;allThyscourgesarefallenuponHim.HeismoreabominablethanI,and,farfromabhorringme,HeholdsHimselfhonouredthatIgotoHimandsuccourHim.

    ButHehashealedHimself,andstillmoresowillHehealme.

    ImustaddmywoundstoHis,andjoinmyselftoHim;andHewillsavemeinsavingHimself.Butthismustnotbepostponedtothefuture.

    Eritissicutdiiscientesbonumetmalum.Eachonecreateshisgod,whenjudging,"Thisisgoodorbad";andmenmournorrejoicetoomuchatevents.

    Dolittlethingsasthoughtheyweregreat,becauseofthemajestyofJesusChristwhodoestheminusandwholivesourlife;anddothegreatestthingsasthoughtheywerelittleandeasy,becauseofHisomnipotence.

    554.ItseemstomethatJesusChristonlyallowedHiswoundstobetouchedafterHisresurrection:Nolimetangere.WemustuniteourselvesonlytoHissufferings.

    AttheLastSupperHegaveHimselfincommunionasabouttodie;tothedisciplesatEmmausasrisenfromthedead;tothewholeChurchasascendedintoheaven.

    555."Comparenotthyselfwithothers,butwithMe.IfthoudostnotfindMeinthosewithwhomthoucomparestthyself,thoucomparestthyselftoonewhoisabominable.IfthoufindestMeinthem,comparethyselftoMe.Butwhomwiltthoucompare?Thyself,orMeinthee?Ifitisthyself,itisonewhoisabominable.IfitisI,thoucomparestMetoMyself.NowIamGodinall.

    "Ispeaktothee,andoftencounselthee,becausethydirectorcannotspeaktothee,forIdonotwanttheetolackaguide.

    "AndperhapsIdosoathisprayers,andthusheleadstheewithoutthyseeingit.ThouwouldstnotseekMe,ifthoudidstnotpossessMe.

    "Benotthereforetroubled."
¥¼¤À¨÷ ©¬´µ¥d«ä·Q¿ý­^¤åª© 8-end
    SECTIONVIII:THEFUNDAMENTALSOFTHECHRISTIANRELIGION

    556Menblasphemewhattheydonotknow.TheChristianreligionconsistsintwopoints.Itisofequalconcerntomentoknowthem,anditisequallydangeroustobeignorantofthem.AnditisequallyofGod-smercythatHehasgivenindicationsofboth.

    Andyettheytakeoccasiontoconcludethatoneofthesepointsdoesnotexist,fromthatwhichshouldhavecausedthemtoinfertheother.ThesageswhohavesaidthereisonlyoneGodhavebeenpersecuted,theJewswerehated,andstillmoretheChristians.Theyhaveseenbythelightofnaturethatiftherebeatruereligiononearth,thecourseofallthingsmusttendtoitastoacentre.

    Thewholecourseofthingsmusthaveforitsobjecttheestablishmentandthegreatnessofreligion.Menmusthavewithinthemfeelingssuitedtowhatreligionteachesus.And,finally,religionmustsobetheobjectandthecentretowhichallthingstendthatwhoeverknowstheprinciplesofreligioncangiveanexplanationbothofthewholenatureofmaninparticularandofthewholecourseoftheworldingeneral.

    AndonthisgroundtheytakeoccasiontoreviletheChristianreligion,becausetheymisunderstandit.TheyimaginethatitconsistssimplyintheworshipofaGodconsideredasgreat,powerful,andeternal;whichisstrictlydeism,almostasfarremovedfromtheChristianreligionasatheism,whichisitsexactopposite.Andthencetheyconcludethatthisreligionisnottrue,becausetheydonotseethatallthingsconcurtotheestablishmentofthispoint,thatGoddoesnotmanifestHimselftomenwithalltheevidencewhichHecouldshow.

    Butletthemconcludewhattheywillagainstdeism,theywillconcludenothingagainsttheChristianreligion,whichproperlyconsistsinthemysteryoftheRedeemer,who,unitinginHimselfthetwonatures,humananddivine,hasredeemedmenfromthecorruptionofsininordertoreconciletheminHisdivinepersontoGod.

    TheChristianreligion,then,teachesmenthesetwotruths;thatthereisaGodwhommencanknow,andthatthereisacorruptionintheirnaturewhichrendersthemunworthyofHim.Itisequallyimportanttomentoknowboththesepoints;anditisequallydangerousformantoknowGodwithoutknowinghisownwretchedness,andtoknowhisownwretchednesswithoutknowingtheRedeemerwhocanfreehimfromit.Theknowledgeofonlyoneofthesepointsgivesriseeithertotheprideofphilosophers,whohaveknownGod,andnottheirownwretchedness,ortothedespairofatheists,whoknowtheirownwretchedness,butnottheRedeemer.

    And,asitisalikenecessarytomantoknowthesetwopoints,soisitalikemercifulofGodtohavemadeusknowthem.TheChristianreligiondoesthis;itisinthisthatitconsists.

    Letushereinexaminetheorderoftheworldandseeifallthingsdonottendtoestablishthesetwochiefpointsofthisreligion:JesusChristisendofall,andthecentretowhichalltends.WhoeverknowsHimknowsthereasonofeverything.

    Thosewhofallintoerrorerronlythroughfailuretoseeoneofthesetwothings.Wecan,then,haveanexcellentknowledgeofGodwithoutthatofourownwretchednessandofourownwretchednesswithoutthatofGod.ButwecannotknowJesusChristwithoutknowingatthesametimebothGodandourownwretchedness.

    ThereforeIshallnotundertakeheretoprovebynaturalreasonseithertheexistenceofGod,ortheTrinity,ortheimmortalityofthesoul,oranythingofthatnature;notonlybecauseIshouldnotfeelmyselfsufficientlyabletofindinnatureargumentstoconvincehardenedatheists,butalsobecausesuchknowledgewithoutJesusChristisuselessandbarren.Thoughamanshouldbeconvincedthatnumericalproportionsareimmaterialtruths,eternalanddependentonafirsttruth,inwhichtheysubsistandwhichiscalledGod,Ishouldnotthinkhimfaradvancedtowardshisownsalvation.

    TheGodofChristiansisnotaGodwhoissimplytheauthorofmathematicaltruths,oroftheorderoftheelements;thatistheviewofheathensandEpicureans.HeisnotmerelyaGodwhoexercisesHisprovidenceoverthelifeandfortunesofmen,tobestowonthosewhoworshipHimalongandhappylife.ThatwastheportionoftheJews.ButtheGodofAbraham,theGodofIsaac,theGodofJacob,theGodofChristians,isaGodofloveandofcomfort,aGodwhofillsthesoulandheartofthosewhomHepossesses,aGodwhomakesthemconsciousoftheirinwardwretchedness,andHisinfinitemercy,whounitesHimselftotheirinmostsoul,whofillsitwithhumilityandjoy,withconfidenceandlove,whorendersthemincapableofanyotherendthanHimself.

    AllwhoseekGodwithoutJesusChrist,andwhorestinnature,eitherfindnolighttosatisfythem,orcometoformforthemselvesameansofknowingGodandservingHimwithoutamediator.Therebytheyfalleitherintoatheism,orintodeism,twothingswhichtheChristianreligionabhorsalmostequally.

    WithoutJesusChristtheworldwouldnotexist;foritshouldneedsbeeitherthatitwouldbedestroyedorbeahell.

    IftheworldexistedtoinstructmanofGod,Hisdivinitywouldshinethrougheverypartinitinanindisputablemanner;butasitexistsonlybyJesusChrist,andforJesusChrist,andtoteachmenboththeircorruptionandtheirredemption,alldisplaystheproofsofthesetwotruths.

    Allappearanceindicatesneitheratotalexclusionnoramanifestpresenceofdivinity,butthepresenceofaGodwhohideshimself.Everythingbearsthischaracter

    Shallhealonewhoknowshisnatureknowitonlytobemiserable?Shallhealonewhoknowsitbealoneunhappy?

    Hemustnotseenothingatall,normustheseesufficientforhimtobelievehepossessesit;buthemustseeenoughtoknowthathehaslostit.Fortoknowofhisloss,hemustseeandnotsee;andthatisexactlythestateinwhichhenaturallyis

    Whateverparthetakes,Ishallnotleavehimatrest.

    557Itis,then,truethateverythingteachesmanhiscondition,buthemustunderstandthiswell.ForitisnottruethatallrevealsGod,anditisnottruethatallconcealsGod.ButitisatthesametimetruethatHehidesHimselffromthosewhotemptHim,andthatHerevealsHimselftothosewhoseekHim,becausemenarebothunworthyandcapableofGod;unworthybytheircorruption,capablebytheiroriginalnature.

    558.Whatshallweconcludefromallourdarkness,butourunworthiness?

    559.IfthereneverhadbeenanyappearanceofGod,thiseternaldeprivationwouldhavebeenequivocal,andmighthaveaswellcorrespondedwiththeabsenceofalldivinity,aswiththeunworthinessofmentoknowHim;butHisoccasional,thoughnotcontinual,appearancesremovetheambiguity.IfHeappearedonce,Heexistsalways;andthuswecannotbutconcludeboththatthereisaGodandthatmenareunworthyofHim.

    560.WedonotunderstandthegloriousstateofAdam,northenatureofhissin,northetransmissionofittous.Thesearematterswhichtookplaceunderconditionsofanaturealtogetherdifferentfromourownandwhichtranscendourpresentunderstanding.

    Theknowledgeofallthisisuselesstousasameansofescapefromit;andallthatweareconcernedtoknowisthatwearemiserable,corrupt,separatedfromGod,butransomedbyJesusChrist,whereofwehavewonderfulproofsonearth.

    Sothetwoproofsofcorruptionandredemptionaredrawnfromtheungodly,wholiveinindifferencetoreligion,andfromtheJewswhoareirreconcilableenemies.

    561.Therearetwowaysofprovingthetruthsofourreligion;onebythepowerofreason,theotherbytheauthorityofhimwhospeaks.

    Wedonotmakeuseofthelatter,butoftheformer.Wedonotsay,"Thismustbebelieved,forScripture,whichsaysit,isdivine."Butwesaythatitmustbebelievedforsuchandsuchareason,whicharefeeblearguments,asreasonmaybebenttoeverything.

    562.Thereisnothingonearththatdoesnotshoweitherthewretchednessofman,orthemercyofGod;eithertheweaknessofmanwithoutGod,orthestrengthofmanwithGod.

    563.Itwillbeoneoftheconfusionsofthedamnedtoseethattheyarecondemnedbytheirownreason,bywhichtheyclaimedtocondemntheChristianreligion.

    564.Theprophecies,theverymiraclesandproofsofourreligion,arenotofsuchanaturethattheycanbesaidtobeabsolutelyconvincing.Buttheyarealsoofsuchakindthatitcannotbesaidthatitisunreasonabletobelievethem.Thusthereisbothevidenceandobscuritytoenlightensomeandconfuseothers.Buttheevidenceissuchthatitsurpasses,oratleastequals,theevidencetothecontrary;sothatitisnotreasonwhichcandeterminemennottofollowit,andthusitcanonlybelustormaliceofheart.Andbythismeansthereissufficientevidencetocondemn,andinsufficienttoconvince;sothatitappearsinthosewhofollowitthatitisgrace,andnotreason,whichmakesthemfollowit;andinthosewhoshunit,thatitislust,notreason,whichmakesthemshunit.

    Verediscipuli,vereIsraelita,vereliberi,verecibus.

    565.Recognise,then,thetruthofreligionintheveryobscurityofreligion,inthelittlelightwehaveofit,andintheindifferencewhichwehavetoknowingit.

    566.WeunderstandnothingoftheworksofGod,ifwedonottakeasaprinciplethatHehaswilledtoblindsomeandenlightenothers.

    567.Thetwocontraryreasons.Wemustbeginwiththat;withoutthatweunderstandnothing,andallisheretical;andwemustevenaddattheendofeachtruththattheoppositetruthistoberemembered.

    568.Objection.TheScriptureisplainlyfullofmattersnotdictatedbytheHolySpirit.Answer.Thentheydonotharmfaith.Objection.ButtheChurchhasdecidedthatallisoftheHolySpirit.Answer.Ianswertwothings:first,theChurchhasnotsodecided;secondly,ifsheshouldsodecide,itcouldbemaintained.

    DoyouthinkthatthepropheciescitedintheGospelarerelatedtomakeyoubelieve?No,itistokeepyoufrombelieving.

    569.Canonical.¡XThehereticalbooksinthebeginningoftheChurchservetoprovethecanonical.

    570.TothechapterontheFundamentalsmustbeaddedthatonTypologytouchingthereasonoftypes:whyJesusChristwasprophesiedastoHisfirstcoming;whyprophesiedobscurelyastothemanner.

    571.Thereasonwhy.Types.¡XTheyhadtodealwithacarnalpeopleandtorenderthemthedepositaryofthespiritualcovenant.TogivefaithtotheMessiah,itwasnecessarythereshouldhavebeenprecedentprophesies,andthattheseshouldbeconveyedbypersonsabovesuspicion,diligent,faithful,unusuallyzealous,andknowntoalltheworld.

    Toaccomplishallthis,Godchosethiscarnalpeople,towhomHeentrustedtheprophecieswhichforetelltheMessiahasadelivererandasadispenserofthosecarnalgoodswhichthispeopleloved.Andthustheyhavehadanextraordinarypassionfortheirprophetsand,insightofthewholeworld,havehadchargeofthesebookswhichforetelltheirMessiah,assuringallnationsthatHeshouldcomeandinthewayforetoldinthebooks,whichtheyheldopentothewholeworld.Yetthispeople,deceivedbythepoorandignominiousadventoftheMessiah,havebeenHismostcruelenemies.Sothatthey,thepeopleleastopentosuspicionintheworldoffavouringus,themoststrictandmostzealousthatcanbenamedfortheirlawandtheirprophets,havekeptthebooksincorrupt.HencethosewhohaverejectedandcrucifiedJesusChrist,whohasbeentothemanoffence,arethosewhohavechargeofthebookswhichtestifyofHim,andstatethatHewillbeanoffenceandrejected.ThereforetheyhaveshownitwasHebyrejectingHim,andHehasbeenalikeprovedbothbytherighteousJewswhoreceivedHimandbytheunrighteouswhorejectedHim,bothfactshavingbeenforetold.

    Whereforetheprophecieshaveahiddenandspiritualmeaningtowhichthispeoplewerehostile,underthecarnalmeaningwhichtheyloved.Ifthespiritualmeaninghadbeenrevealed,theywouldnothavelovedit,and,unabletobearit,theywouldnothavebeenzealousofthepreservationoftheirbooksandtheirceremonies;andiftheyhadlovedthesespiritualpromises,andhadpreservedthemincorrupttillthetimeoftheMessiah,theirtestimonywouldhavehadnoforce,becausetheyhadbeenhisfriends.

    Thereforeitwaswellthatthespiritualmeaningshouldbeconcealed;but,ontheotherhand,ifthismeaninghadbeensohiddenasnottoappearatall,itcouldnothaveservedasaproofoftheMessiah.Whatthenwasdone?Inacrowdofpassagesithasbeenhiddenunderthetemporalmeaning,andinafewbeenclearlyrevealed;besidesthat,thetimeandthestateoftheworldhavebeensoclearlyforetoldthatitisclearerthanthesun.Andinsomeplacesthisspiritualmeaningissoclearlyexpressedthatitwouldrequireablindness,likethatwhichthefleshimposesonthespiritwhenitissubduedbyit,nottorecogniseit.

    See,then,whathasbeentheprudenceofGod.Thismeaningisconcealedunderanotherinaninfinitenumberofpassages,andinsome,thoughrarely,itisrevealed;butyetsothatthepassagesinwhichitisconcealedareequivocalandcansuitbothmeanings;whereasthepassageswhereitisdisclosedareunequivocalandcanonlysuitthespiritualmeaning.

    Sothatthiscannotleadusintoerrorandcouldonlybemisunderstoodbysocarnalapeople.

    Forwhenblessingsarepromisedinabundance,whatwastopreventthemfromunderstandingthetrueblessings,buttheircovetousness,whichlimitedthemeaningtoworldlygoods?ButthosewhoseonlygoodwasinGodreferredthemtoGodalone.Fortherearetwoprinciples,whichdividethewillsofmen,covetousnessandcharity.NotthatcovetousnesscannotexistalongwithfaithinGod,norcharitywithworldlyriches;butcovetousnessusesGodandenjoystheworld,andcharityistheopposite.

    Nowtheultimateendgivesnamestothings.Allwhichpreventsusfromattainingitiscalledanenemytous.Thusthecreatures,howevergood,aretheenemiesoftherighteous,whentheyturnthemawayfromGod,andGodHimselfistheenemyofthosewhosecovetousnessHeconfounds.

    Thusasthesignificanceofthewordenemyisdependentontheultimateend,therighteousunderstoodbyittheirpassions,andthecarnaltheBabylonians;andsothesetermswereobscureonlyfortheunrighteous.AndthisiswhatIsaiahsays:Signalegeminelectismeis,andthatJesusChristshallbeastoneofstumbling.But,"Blessedaretheywhoshallnotbeoffendedinhim."Hosea14:9,saysexcellently,"Whereisthewise?andheshallunderstandwhatIsay.Therighteousshallknowthem,forthewaysofGodareright;butthetransgressorsshallfalltherein."

    572.Hypothesisthattheapostleswereimpostors.Thetimeclearly,themannerobscurely.Fivetypicalproofs.

    1600prophets.

    400scattered¡X¡X

    2000

    573.BlindnessofScripture.¡X"TheScripture,"saidtheJews,"saysthatweshallnotknowwhenceChristwillcome(John7:27,and12:34)¡XTheScripturesaysthatChristabidethforever,andHesaidthatHeshoulddie."Therefore,saysSaintJohn,theybelievednot,thoughHehaddonesomanymiracles,thatthewordofIsaiahmightbefulfilled:"Hehathblindedthem,"etc.

    574.Greatness.¡XReligionissogreatathingthatitisrightthatthosewhowillnottakethetroubletoseekit,ifitbeobscure,shouldbedeprivedofit.Why,then,doanycomplain,ifitbesuchascanbefoundbyseeking?

    575.Allthingsworktogetherforgoodtotheelect,eventheobscuritiesofScripture;fortheyhonourthembecauseofwhatisdivinelyclear.Andallthingsworktogetherforeviltotherestoftheworld,evenwhatisclear;fortheyrevilesuch,becauseoftheobscuritieswhichtheydonotunderstand.

    576.ThegeneralconductoftheworldtowardstheChurch:Godwillingtoblindandtoenlighten.¡XTheeventhavingprovedthedivinityoftheseprophecies,therestoughttobebelieved.Andtherebyweseetheorderoftheworldtobeofthiskind.ThemiraclesoftheCreationandtheDelugebeingforgotten,GodsendsthelawandthemiraclesofMoses,theprophetswhoprophesiedparticularthings;andtopreparealastingmiracle,Hepreparespropheciesandtheirfulfilment;but,asthepropheciescouldbesuspected,Hedesirestomakethemabovesuspicion,etc.

    577.Godhasmadetheblindnessofthispeoplesubservienttothegoodoftheelect.

    578.Thereissufficientclearnesstoenlightentheelect,andsufficientobscuritytohumblethem.Thereissufficientobscuritytoblindthereprobate,andsufficientclearnesstocondemnthemandmaketheminexcusable.SaintAugustine,Montaigne,Sebond.

    ThegenealogyofJesusChristintheOldTestamentisintermingledwithsomanyothersthatareuselessthatitcannotbedistinguished.IfMoseshadkeptonlytherecordoftheancestorsofChrist,thatmighthavebeentooplain.IfhehadnotnotedthatofJesusChrist,itmightnothavebeensufficientlyplain.But,afterall,whoeverlookscloselyseesthatofJesusChristexpresslytracedthroughTamar,Ruth,etc.

    Thosewhoordainedthesesacrificesknewtheiruselessness;thosewhohavedeclaredtheiruselessness,havenotceasedtopractisethem.

    IfGodhadpermittedonlyonereligion,ithasbeentooeasilyknown;butwhenwelookatitclosely,weclearlydiscernthetruthamidstthisconfusion.

    Thepremiss.¡XMoseswasacleverman.If,then,heruledhimselfbyhisreason,hewouldsaynothingclearlywhichwasdirectlyagainstreason.

    Thusalltheveryapparentweaknessesarestrength.Example;thetwogenealogiesinSaintMatthewandSaintLuke.Whatcanbeclearerthanthatthiswasnotconcerted?

    579.God(andtheApostles),foreseeingthattheseedsofpridewouldmakeheresiesspringup,andbeingunwillingtogivethemoccasiontoarisefromcorrectexpressions,hasputinScriptureandtheprayersoftheChurchcontrarywordsandsentencestoproducetheirfruitintime.

    SoinmoralsHegivescharity,whichproducesfruitscontrarytolust.

    580.NaturehassomeperfectionstoshowthatsheistheimageofGod,andsomedefectstoshowthatsheisonlyHisimage.

    581.Godprefersrathertoinclinethewillthantheintellect.Perfectclearnesswouldbeofusetotheintellectandwouldharmthewill.Tohumblepride.

    582.Wemakeanidoloftruthitself;fortruthapartfromcharityisnotGod,butHisimageandidol,whichwemustneitherlovenorworship;andstilllessmustweloveorworshipitsopposite,namely,falsehood.

    Icaneasilylovetotaldarkness;butifGodkeepsmeinastateofsemi-darkness,suchpartialdarknessdispleasesme,and,becauseIdonotseethereintheadvantageoftotaldarkness,itisunpleasanttome.ThisisafaultandasignthatImakeformyselfanidolofdarkness,apartfromtheorderofGod.NowonlyHisordermustbeworshipped.

    583.Thefeeble-mindedarepeoplewhoknowthetruth,butonlyaffirmitsofarasconsistentwiththeirowninterest.But,apartfromthat,theyrenounceit.

    584.Theworldexistsfortheexerciseofmercyandjudgement,notasifmenwereplacedinitoutofthehandsofGod,butashostiletoGod;andtothemHegrantsbygracesufficientlight,thattheymayreturntoHim,iftheydesiretoseekandfollowHim;andalsothattheymaybepunished,iftheyrefusetoseekorfollowHim.

    585.ThatGodhaswilledtohideHimself.¡XIftherewereonlyonereligion,Godwouldindeedbemanifest.Thesamewouldbethecaseiftherewerenomartyrsbutinourreligion.

    Godbeingthushidden,everyreligionwhichdoesnotaffirmthatGodishiddenisnottrue;andeveryreligionwhichdoesnotgivethereasonofitisnotinstructive.Ourreligiondoesallthis:VeretuesDeusabsconditus.

    586.Iftherewerenoobscurity,manwouldnotbesensibleofhiscorruption;iftherewerenolight,manwouldnothopeforaremedy.Thus,itisnotonlyfair,butadvantageoustous,thatGodbepartlyhiddenandpartlyrevealed;sinceitisequallydangeroustomantoknowGodwithoutknowinghisownwretchedness,andtoknowhisownwretchednesswithoutknowingGod.

    587.Thisreligion,sogreatinmiracles,saints,blamelessFathers,learnedandgreatwitnesses,martyrs,establishedkingsasDavid,andIsaiah,aprinceoftheblood,andsogreatinscience,afterhavingdisplayedallhermiraclesandallherwisdom,rejectsallthis,anddeclaresthatshehasneitherwisdomnorsigns,butonlythecrossandfoolishness.

    Forthose,who,bythesesignsandthatwisdom,havedeservedyourbelief,andwhohaveprovedtoyoutheircharacter,declaretoyouthatnothingofallthiscanchangeyou,andrenderyoucapableofknowingandlovingGod,butthepowerofthefoolishnessofthecrosswithoutwisdomandsigns,andnotthesignswithoutthispower.Thusourreligionisfoolishinrespecttotheeffectivecauseandwiseinrespecttothewisdomwhichpreparesit.

    588.Ourreligioniswiseandfoolish.Wise,becauseitisthemostlearnedandthemostfoundedonmiracles,prophecies,etc.Foolish,becauseitisnotallthiswhichmakesusbelongtoit.Thismakesus,indeed,condemnthosewhodonotbelongtoit;butitdoesnotcausebeliefinthosewhodobelongtoit.Itisthecrossthatmakesthembelieve,neevacuatasitcrux.AndsoSaintPaul,whocamewithwisdomandsigns,saysthathehascomeneitherwithwisdomnorwithsigns;forhecametoconvert.Butthosewhocomeonlytoconvincecansaythattheycomewithwisdomandwithsigns.

    SECTIONIX:PERPETUITY

    589.OnthefactthattheChristianreligionisnottheonlyreligion.¡XSofaristhisfrombeingareasonforbelievingthatitisnotthetrueonethat,onthecontrary,itmakesusseethatitisso.

    590.Menmustbesincereinallreligions;trueheathens,trueJews,trueChristians.

    591.

    J.C.

    Heathens|Mahomet

    \/

    IgnoranceofGod

    592.Thefalsenessofotherreligions.¡XTheyhavenowitnesses.Jewshave.Goddefiesotherreligionstoproducesuchsigns:Isaiah43:9;44:8.

    593.HistoryofChina.¡XIbelieveonlythehistories,whosewitnessesgotthemselveskilled.

    Whichisthemorecredibleofthetwo,MosesorChina?

    Itisnotaquestionofseeingthissummarily.Itellyouthereisinitsomethingtoblind,andsomethingtoenlighten.

    BythisonewordIdestroyallyourreasoning."ButChinaobscures,"sayyou;andIanswer,"Chinaobscures,butthereisclearnesstobefound;seekit."

    Thusallthatyousaymakesforoneoftheviewsandnotatallagainsttheother.

    Sothisserves,anddoesnoharm.

    Wemust,then,seethisindetail;wemustputthepapersonthetable.

    594.AgainstthehistoryofChina.¡XThehistoriansofMexico,thefivesuns,ofwhichthelastisonlyeighthundredyearsold.

    Thedifferencebetweenabookacceptedbyanationandonewhichmakesanation.

    595.Mahometwaswithoutauthority.Hisreasons,then,shouldhavebeenverystrong,havingonlytheirownforce.Whatdoeshesay,then,thatwemustbelievehim?

    596.ThePsalmsarechantedthroughoutthewholeworld.

    WhorenderstestimonytoMahomet?Himself.JesusChristdesiresHisowntestimonytobeasnothing.

    Thequalityofwitnessesnecessitatestheirexistencealwaysandeverywhere;andhe,miserablecreature,isalone.

    597.AgainstMahomet.¡XTheKoranisnotmoreofMahometthantheGospelisofSaintMatthew,foritiscitedbymanyauthorsfromagetoage.Evenitsveryenemies,CelsusandPorphyry,neverdeniedit.

    TheKoransaysSaintMatthewwasanhonestman.ThereforeMahometwasafalseprophetforcallinghonestmenwicked,orfornotagreeingwithwhattheyhavesaidofJesusChrist.

    598.ItisnotbythatwhichisobscureinMahomet,andwhichmaybeinterpretedinamysterioussense,thatIwouldhavehimjudged,butbywhatisclear,ashisparadiseandtherest.Inthatheisridiculous.Andsincewhatisclearisridiculous,itisnotrighttotakehisobscuritiesformysteries.

    ItisnotthesamewiththeScripture.IagreethatthereareinitobscuritiesasstrangeasthoseofMahomet;butthereareadmirablyclearpassages,andthepropheciesaremanifestlyfulfilled.Thecasesare,therefore,notonapar.Wemustnotconfoundandputononelevelthingswhichonlyresembleeachotherintheirobscurity,andnotintheclearness,whichrequiresustoreverencetheobscurities.

    599.ThedifferencebetweenJesusChristandMahomet.¡XMahometwasnotforetold;JesusChristwasforetold.

    Mahometslew;JesusChristcausedHisowntobeslain.

    Mahometforbadereading;theApostlesorderedreading.

    Infact,thetwoaresoopposedthat,ifMahomettookthewaytosucceedfromaworldlypointofview,JesusChrist,fromthesamepointofview,tookthewaytoperish.Andinsteadofconcludingthat,sinceMahometsucceeded,JesusChristmightwellhavesucceeded,weoughttosaythat,sinceMahometsucceeded,JesusChristshouldhavefailed.

    600.AnymancandowhatMahomethasdone;forheperformednomiracles,hewasnotforetold.NomancandowhatChristhasdone.

    601.Theheathenreligionhasnofoundationatthepresentday.Itissaidoncetohavehadafoundationbytheoracleswhichspoke.Butwhatarethebookswhichassureusofthis?Aretheysoworthyofbeliefonaccountofthevirtueoftheirauthors?Havetheybeenpreservedwithsuchcarethatwecanbesurethattheyhavenotbeenmeddledwith?

    TheMahometanreligionhasforafoundationtheKoranandMahomet.Buthasthisprophet,whowastobethelasthopeoftheworld,beenforetold?Whatsignhashethateveryothermanhasnotwhochoosestocallhimselfaprophet?Whatmiraclesdoeshehimselfsaythathehasdone?Whatmysterieshashetaught,evenaccordingtohisowntradition?Whatwasthemorality,whatthehappinessheldoutbyhim?

    TheJewishreligionmustbedifferentlyregardedinthetraditionoftheHolyBibleandinthetraditionofthepeople.Itsmoralityandhappinessareabsurdinthetraditionofthepeople,butareadmirableinthatoftheHolyBible.(Andallreligionisthesame;fortheChristianreligionisverydifferentintheHolyBibleandinthecasuists.)Thefoundationisadmirable;itisthemostancientbookintheworld,andthemostauthentic;andwhereasMahomet,inordertomakehisownbookcontinueinexistence,forbadementoreadit,Moses,forthesamereason,orderedeveryonetoreadhis.

    Ourreligionissodivinethatanotherdivinereligionhasonlybeenthefoundationofit.

    602.Order.¡XToseewhatisclearandindisputableinthewholestateoftheJews.

    603.TheJewishreligioniswhollydivineinitsauthority,itsduration,itsperpetuity,itsmorality,itsdoctrine,anditseffects.

    604.Theonlysciencecontrarytocommonsenseandhumannatureisthatalonewhichhasalwaysexistedamongmen.

    605.Theonlyreligioncontrarytonature,tocommonsense,andtoourpleasure,isthatalonewhichhasalwaysexisted.

    606.Noreligionbutourownhastaughtthatmanisborninsin.Noseaofphilosophershassaidthis.Thereforenonehavedeclaredthetruth.

    Nosectorreligionhasalwaysexistedonearth,buttheChristianreligion.

    607.WhoeverjudgesoftheJewishreligionbyitscoarserformswillmisunderstandit.ItistobeseenintheHolyBible,andinthetraditionoftheprophets,whohavemadeitplainenoughthattheydidnotinterpretthelawaccordingtotheletter.SoourreligionisdivineintheGospel,intheApostles,andintradition;butitisabsurdinthosewhotamperwithit.

    TheMessiah,accordingtothecarnalJews,wastobeagreattemporalprince.JesusChrist,accordingtocarnalChristians,hascometodispenseusfromtheloveofGodandtogiveussacramentswhichshalldoeverythingwithoutourhelp.SuchisnottheChristianreligion,northeJewish.TrueJewsandtrueChristianshavealwaysexpectedaMessiahwhoshouldmakethemloveGodandbythatlovetriumphovertheirenemies.

    608.ThecarnalJewsholdamidwayplacebetweenChristiansandheathens.TheheathensknownotGod,andlovetheworldonly.TheJewsknowthetrueGod,andlovetheworldonly.TheChristiansknowthetrueGod,andlovenottheworld.Jewsandheathenslovethesamegood.JewsandChristiansknowthesameGod.

    TheJewswereoftwokinds;thefirsthadonlyheathenaffections,theotherhadChristianaffections.

    609.Therearetwokindsofmenineachreligion:amongtheheathen,worshippersofbeastsandtheworshippersoftheoneonlyGodofnaturalreligion;amongtheJews,thecarnal,andthespiritual,whoweretheChristiansoftheoldlaw;amongChristians,thecoarser-minded,whoaretheJewsofthenewlaw.ThecarnalJewslookedforacarnalMessiah;thecoarserChristiansbelievethattheMessiahhasdispensedthemfromtheloveofGod;trueJewsandtrueChristiansworshipaMessiahwhomakesthemloveGod.

    610.ToshowthatthetrueJewsandthetrueChristianshavebutthesamereligion.¡XThereligionoftheJewsseemedtoconsistessentiallyinthefatherhoodofAbraham,incircumcision,insacrifices,inceremonies,intheArk,inthetemple,inJerusalem,and,finally,inthelaw,andinthecovenantwithMoses.

    Isaythatitconsistedinnoneofthosethings,butonlyintheloveofGod,andthatGoddisregardedalltheotherthings.

    ThatGoddidnotaccepttheposterityofAbraham.

    ThattheJewsweretobepunishedlikestrangers,iftheytransgressed.Deut.8:19:"IfthoudoatallforgettheLordthyGod,andwalkafterothergods,Itestifyagainstyouthisdaythatyeshallsurelyperish,asthenationswhichtheLorddestroyethbeforeyourface."

    Thatstrangers,iftheylovedGod,weretobereceivedbyHimastheJews.Isaiah56:3:"Letnotthestrangersay,-TheLordwillnotreceiveme-ThestrangerswhojointhemselvesuntotheLordtoserveHimandloveHim,willIbringuntomyholymountain,andacceptthereinsacrifices,forminehouseisahouseofprayer."

    ThatthetrueJewsconsideredtheirmerittobefromGodonly,andnotfromAbraham.Isaiah63:16:"DoubtlessthouartourFather,thoughAbrahambeignorantofus,andIsraelacknowledgeusnot.ThouartourFatherandourRedeemer."

    MoseshimselftoldthemthatGodwouldnotacceptpersons.Deut.10:17:"God,"saidhe,"regardethneitherpersonsnorsacrifices."

    TheSabbathwasonlyasign,Exod.31:13;andinmemoryoftheescapefromEgypt,Deut.5:19.Thereforeitisnolongernecessary,sinceEgyptmustbeforgotten.

    Circumcisionwasonlyasign,Gen.17:11.Andthenceitcametopassthat,beinginthedesert,theywerenotcircumcised,becausetheycouldnotbeconfoundedwithotherpeoples;andafterJesusChristcame,itwasnolongernecessary.

    Thatthecircumcisionoftheheartiscommanded.Deut.10:16;Jeremiah4:4:"Beyecircumcisedinheart;takeawaythesuperfluitiesofyourheart,andhardenyourselvesnot.ForyourGodisamightyGod,strongandterrible,whoacceptethnotpersons."

    ThatGodsaidHewouldonedaydoit.Deut.30:6:"Godwillcircumcisethineheart,andtheheartofthyseed,thatthoumayestloveHimwithallthineheart."

    Thattheuncircumcisedinheartshallbejudged.Jeremiah9:26:ForGodwilljudgetheuncircumcisedpeoples,andallthepeopleofIsrael,becauseheis"uncircumcisedinheart."

    Thattheexternalisofnoavailapartfromtheinternal.Joel2:13:Scinditecordavestra,etc.;Isaiah58:3,4,etc.

    TheloveofGodisenjoinedinthewholeofDeuteronomy.Deut.30:19:"IcallheavenandearthtorecordthatIhavesetbeforeyoulifeanddeath,thatyoushouldchooselife,andloveGod,andobeyHim,forGodisyourlife."

    ThattheJews,forlackofthatlove,shouldberejectedfortheiroffences,andtheheathenchosenintheirstead.Hosea1:10;Deut.32:20."Iwillhidemyfacefromthem,Iwillseewhattheirendshallbe,fortheyareaveryfrowardgeneration,childreninwhomisnofaith.havemovedmetojealousywiththatwhichisnotGodandIwillmovethemtojealousywiththosewhicharenotapeopleandwithafoolishnation."Isaiah65:1.

    Thattemporalgoodsarefalse,andthatthetruegoodistobeunitedtoGod.Psalm143:15.

    ThattheirfeastsaredispleasingtoGod.Amos5:21.

    ThatthesacrificesoftheJewsdispleasedGod.Isaiah66:1-3;1:11;Jer.6:20;David,Miserere.Evenonthepartofthegood,Expectavi.Psalm49:8,9,10,11,12,13,and14.

    ThatHehasestablishedthemonlyfortheirhardness.Micah,admirably,6;1Kings15:22;Hosea6:6.

    ThatthesacrificesoftheGentileswillbeacceptedofGod,andthatGodwilltakenopleasureinthesacrificesoftheJews.Malachi1:11.

    ThatGodwillmakeanewcovenantwiththeMessiah,andtheoldwillbeannulled.Jer.31:31.Mandatanonbona.

    Thattheoldthingswillbeforgotten.Isaiah43:18,19;65:17,10

    ThattheArkwillnolongerberemembered.Jer.3:15,16

    Thatthetempleshouldberejected.Jer7:12,13,14.

    Thatthesacrificesshouldberejected,andotherpuresacrificesestablished.Malachi1:11.

    ThattheorderofAaron-spriesthoodshouldberejected,andthatofMelchizedekintroducedbytheMessiah.Ps.DixitDominus.

    Thatthispriesthoodshouldbeeternal.Ibid.

    ThatJerusalemshouldberejected,andRomeadmitted,Ibid.

    ThatthenameoftheJewsshouldberejected,andanewnamegiven.Isaiah65:15.

    ThatthislastnameshouldbemoreexcellentthanthatoftheJews,andeternal.Isaiah56:5.

    ThattheJewsshouldbewithoutprophets(Amos),withoutaking,withoutprinces,withoutsacrifice,withoutanidol.

    ThattheJewsshould,nevertheless,alwaysremainapeople.Jer.31:36

    611.Republic.¡XTheChristianrepublic¡XandeventheJewish¡XhasonlyhadGodforruler,asPhilotheJewnotices,OnMonarchy.

    Whentheyfought,itwasforGodonly;theirchiefhopewasinGodonly;theyconsideredtheirtownsasbelongingtoGodonly,andkeptthemforGod.IChron.19:13.

    612.Gen.17:7.StatuampactummeumintermeettefoederesempiternoussimDeustuus

    Ettuergocustodiespactummeum.

    Perpetuity.¡XThatreligionhasalwaysexistedonearthwhichconsistsinbelievingthatmanhasfallenfromastateofgloryandofcommunionwithGodintoastateofsorrow,penitence,andestrangementfromGod,butthatafterthislifeweshallberestoredbyaMessiahwhoshouldhavecome.Allthingshavepassedaway,andthishasendured,forwhichallthingsare.

    Menhaveinthefirstageoftheworldbeencarriedawayintoeverykindofdebauchery,andyetthereweresaints,asEnoch,Lamech,andothers,whowaitedpatientlyfortheChristpromisedfromthebeginningoftheworld.Noahsawthewickednessofmenatitsheight;andhewasheldworthytosavetheworldinhisperson,bythehopeoftheMessiahofwhomhewasthetype.Abrahamwassurroundedbyidolaters,whenGodmadeknowntohimthemysteryoftheMessiah,whomhewelcomedfromafar.InthetimeofIsaacandJacob,abominationwasspreadoveralltheearth;butthesesaintslivedinfaith;andJacob,dyingandblessinghischildren,criedinatransportwhichmadehimbreakoffhisdiscourse,"Iawait,OmyGod,theSaviourwhomThouhastpromised.Salutaretuumexpectabo,Domine."TheEgyptianswereinfectedbothwithidolatryandmagic;theverypeopleofGodwereledastraybytheirexample.YetMosesandothersbelievedHimwhomtheysawnot,andworshippedHim,lookingtotheeternalgiftswhichHewaspreparingforthem.

    TheGreeksandLatinsthensetupfalsedeities;thepoetsmadeahundreddifferenttheologies,whilethephilosophersseparatedintoathousanddifferentsects;andyetintheheartofJudaeatherewerealwayschosenmenwhoforetoldthecomingofthisMessiah,whichwasknowntothemalone.

    Hecameatlengthinthefullnessoftime,andtimehassincewitnessedthebirthofsomanyschismsandheresies,somanypoliticalrevolutions,somanychangesinallthings;yetthisChurch,whichworshipsHimwhohasalwaysbeenworshipped,hasendureduninterruptedly.Itisawonderful,incomparable,andaltogetherdivinefactthatthisreligion,whichhasalwaysendured,hasalwaysbeenattacked.Ithasbeenathousandtimesontheeveofuniversaldestruction,andeverytimeithasbeeninthatstate,GodhasrestoreditbyextraordinaryactsofHispower.Thisisastonishing,asalsothatithaspreserveditselfwithoutyieldingtothewilloftyrants.ForitisnotstrangethataStateendures,whenitslawsaresometimesmadetogivewaytonecessity,butthat(SeethepassageindicatedinMontaigne.)

    614.Stateswouldperishiftheydidnotoftenmaketheirlawsgivewaytonecessity.Butreligionhasneversufferedthis,orpractisedit.Indeed,theremustbethesecompromisesormiracles.Itisnotstrangetobesavedbyyieldings,andthisisnotstrictlyself-preservation;besides,intheendtheyperishentirely.Nonehasenduredathousandyears.Butthefactthatthisreligionhasalwaysmaintaineditself,inflexibleasitis,provesitsdivinity.

    615.Whatevermaybesaid,itmustbeadmittedthattheChristianreligionhassomethingastonishinginit.Somewillsay,"Thisisbecauseyouwereborninit."Farfromit;Istiffenmyselfagainstitforthisveryreason,forfearthisprejudicebiasme.But,althoughIamborninit,Icannothelpfindingitso.

    616.Perpetuity.¡XTheMessiahhasalwaysbeenbelievedin.ThetraditionfromAdamwasfreshinNoahandinMoses.Sincethentheprophetshaveforetoldhim,whileatthesametimeforetellingotherthings,which,beingfromtimetotimefulfilledinthesightofmen,showedthetruthoftheirmission,andconsequentlythatoftheirpromisestouchingtheMessiah.JesusChristperformedmiracles,andtheApostlesalso,whoconvertedalltheheathen;andallthepropheciesbeingtherebyfulfilled,theMessiahisforeverproved.

    617.Perpetuity.¡XLetusconsiderthatsincethebeginningoftheworldtheexpectationofworshipoftheMessiahhasexisteduninterruptedly;thattherehavebeenfoundmenwhosaidthatGodhadrevealedtothemthataRedeemerwastobeborn,whoshouldsaveHispeople;thatAbrahamcameafterwards,sayingthathehadhadrevelationthattheMessiahwastospringfromhimbyason,whomheshouldhave;thatJacobdeclaredthat,ofhistwelvesons,theMessiahwouldspringfromJudah;thatMosesandtheprophetsthencametodeclarethetimeandthemannerofHiscoming;thattheysaidtheirlawwasonlytemporarytillthatoftheMessiah,thatitshouldenduretillthen,butthattheothershouldlastforever;thatthuseithertheirlaw,orthatoftheMessiah,ofwhichitwasthepromise,wouldbealwaysupontheearth;that,infact,ithasalwaysendured;thatatlastJesusChristcamewithallthecircumstancesforetold.Thisiswonderful.

    618.Thisispositivefact.Whileallphilosophersseparateintodifferentsects,thereisfoundinonecorneroftheworldthemostancientpeopleinit,declaringthatalltheworldisinerror,thatGodhasrevealedtothemthetruth,thattheywillalwaysexistontheearth.Infact,allotherseascometoanend,thisonestillendures,andhasdonesoforfourthousandyears.

    TheydeclarethattheyholdfromtheirancestorsthatmanhasfallenfromcommunionwithGod,andisentirelyestrangedfromGod,butthatHehaspromisedtoredeemthem;thatthisdoctrineshallalwaysexistontheearth;thattheirlawhasadoublesignification;thatduringsixteenhundredyearstheyhavehadpeople,whomtheybelievedprophets,foretellingboththetimeandthemanner;thatfourhundredyearsaftertheywerescatteredeverywhere,becauseJesusChristwastobeeverywhereannounced;thatJesusChristcameinthemanner,andatthetimeforetold;thattheJewshavesincebeenscatteredabroadunderacurseand,nevertheless,stillexist.

    619.IseetheChristianreligionfoundeduponaprecedingreligion,andthisiswhatIfindasafact.

    IdonotherespeakofthemiraclesofMoses,ofJesusChrist,andoftheApostles,becausetheydonotatfirstseemconvincing,andbecauseIonlywishheretoputinevidenceallthosefoundationsoftheChristianreligionwhicharebeyonddoubtandwhichcannotbecalledinquestionbyanypersonwhatsoever.Itiscertainthatweseeinmanyplacesoftheworldapeculiarpeople,separatedfromallotherpeoplesoftheworldandcalledtheJewishpeople.

    Iseethenacrowdofreligionsinmanypartsoftheworldandinalltimes;buttheirmoralitycannotpleaseme,norcantheirproofsconvinceme.ThusIshouldequallyhaverejectedthereligionofMahometandofChina,oftheancientRomansandoftheEgyptians,forthesolereasonthatnonehavingmoremarksoftruththananother,noranythingwhichshouldnecessarilypersuademe,reasoncannotinclinetooneratherthantheother.

    But,inthusconsideringthischangeableandsingularvarietyofmoralsandbeliefsatdifferenttimes,Ifindinonecorneroftheworldapeculiarpeople,separatedfromallotherpeoplesonearth,themostancientofall,andwhosehistoriesareearlierbymanygenerationsthanthemostancientwhichwepossess.

    Ifind,then,thisgreatandnumerouspeople,sprungfromasingleman,whoworshiponeGodandguidethemselvesbyalawwhichtheysaythattheyobtainedfromHisownhand.TheymaintainthattheyaretheonlypeopleintheworldtowhomGodhasrevealedHismysteries;thatallmenarecorruptandindisgracewithGod;thattheyareallabandonedtotheirsensesandtheirownimagination,whencecomethestrangeerrorsandcontinualchangeswhichhappenamongthem,bothofreligionsandofmorals,whereastheythemselvesremainfirmintheirconduct;butthatGodwillnotleaveothernationsinthisdarknessforever;thattherewillcomeaSaviourforall;thattheyareintheworldtoannounceHimtomen;thattheyareexpresslyformedtobeforerunnersandheraldsofthisgreateventandtosummonallnationstojoinwiththemintheexpectationofthisSaviour.

    Tomeetwiththispeopleisastonishingtome,andseemstomeworthyofattention.IlookatthelawwhichtheyboastofhavingobtainedfromGod,andIfinditadmirable.Itisthefirstlawofallandisofsuchakindthat,evenbeforethetermlawwasincurrencyamongtheGreeks,ithad,fornearlyathousandyearsearlier,beenuninterruptedlyacceptedandobservedbytheJews.Ilikewisethinkitstrangethatthefirstlawoftheworldhappenstobethemostperfect;sothatthegreatestlegislatorshaveborrowedtheirlawsfromit,asisapparentfromthelawoftheTwelveTablesatAthens,afterwardstakenbytheRomans,andasitwouldbeeasytoprove,ifJosephusandothershadnotsufficientlydealtwiththissubject.

    620.AdvantagesoftheJewishpeople.¡XInthissearchtheJewishpeopleatonceattractsmyattentionbythenumberofwonderfulandsingularfactswhichappearaboutthem.

    Ifirstseethattheyareapeoplewhollycomposedofbrethren,andwhereasallothersareformedbytheassemblageofaninfinityoffamilies,this,thoughsowonderfullyfruitful,hasallsprungfromonemanalone,and,beingthusalloneflesh,andmembersoneofanother,theyconstituteapowerfulstateofonefamily.Thisisunique.

    Thisfamily,orpeople,isthemostancientwithinhumanknowledge,afactwhichseemstometoinspireapeculiarvenerationforit,especiallyinviewofourpresentinquiry;sinceifGodhadfromalltimerevealedhimselftomen,itistothesewemustturnforknowledgeofthetradition.

    Thispeoplearenoteminentsolelybytheirantiquity,butarealsosingularbytheirduration,whichhasalwayscontinuedfromtheirorigintillnow.For,whereasthenationsofGreeceandofItaly,ofLacedaemon,ofAthensandofRome,andotherswhocamelongafter,havelongsinceperished,theseeverremain,andinspiteoftheendeavoursofmanypowerfulkingswhohaveahundredtimestriedtodestroythem,astheirhistorianstestify,andasitiseasytoconjecturefromthenaturalorderofthingsduringsolongaspaceofyears,theyhaveneverthelessbeenpreserved(andthispreservationhasbeenforetold);andextendingfromtheearliesttimestothelatest,theirhistorycomprehendsinitsdurationallourhistorieswhichitprecededbyalongtime.

    Thelawbywhichthispeopleisgovernedisatoncethemostancientlawintheworld,themostperfect,andtheonlyonewhichhasbeenalwaysobservedwithoutabreakinastate.ThisiswhatJosephusadmirablyproves,AgainstApion,andalsoPhilotheJew,indifferentplaces,wheretheypointoutthatitissoancientthattheverynameoflawwasonlyknownbytheoldestnationmorethanathousandyearsafterwards;sothatHomer,whohaswrittenthehistoryofsomanystates,hasneverusedtheterm.Anditiseasytojudgeofitsperfectionbysimplyreadingit;forweseethatithasprovidedforallthingswithsogreatwisdom,equity,andjudgement,thatthemostancientlegislators,GreekandRoman,havinghadsomeknowledgeofit,haveborrowedfromittheirprincipallaws;thisisevidentfromwhatarecalledtheTwelveTables,andfromtheotherproofswhichJosephusgives.

    Butthislawisatthesametimetheseverestandstrictestofallinrespecttotheirreligiousworship,imposingonthispeople,inordertokeepthemtotheirduty,athousandpeculiarandpainfulobservances,onpainofdeath.Whenceitisveryastonishingthatithasbeenconstantlypreservedduringmanycenturiesbyapeople,rebelliousandimpatientasthisonewas;whileallotherstateshavechangedtheirlawsfromtimetotime,althoughthesewerefarmorelenient.

    Thebookwhichcontainsthislaw,thefirstofall,isitselfthemostancientbookintheworld,thoseofHomer,Hesiod,andothers,beingsixorsevenhundredyearslater.

    621.Thecreationofthedelugebeingpast,andGodnolongerrequiringtodestroytheworld,nortocreateitanew,nortogivesuchgreatsignsofHimself,Hebegantoestablishapeopleontheearth,purposelyformed,whoweretolastuntilthecomingofthepeoplewhomtheMessiahshouldfashionbyHisspirit.

    622.Thecreationoftheworldbeginningtobedistant,Godprovidedasinglecontemporaryhistorian,andappointedawholepeopleasguardiansofthisbook,inorderthatthishistorymightbethemostauthenticintheworld,andthatallmenmighttherebylearnafactsonecessarytoknow,andwhichcouldonlybeknownthroughthatmeans.

    623.Japhetbeginsthegenealogy.

    Josephfoldshisarms,andpreferstheyounger.

    624.WhyshouldMosesmakethelivesofmensolong,andtheirgenerationssofew?

    Becauseitisnotthelengthofyears,butthemultitudeofgenerations,whichrendersthingsobscure.Fortruthispervertedonlybythechangeofmen.Andyetheputstwothings,themostmemorablethatwereeverimagined,namely,thecreationandthedeluge,sonearthatwereachfromonetotheother.

    625.Shem,whosawLamech,whosawAdam,sawalsoJacob,whosawthosewhosawMoses;thereforethedelugeandthecreationaretrue.Thisisconclusiveamongcertainpeoplewhounderstanditrightly.

    626.Thelongevityofthepatriarchs,insteadofcausingthelossofpasthistory,conduced,onthecontrary,toitspreservation.Forthereasonwhywearesometimesinsufficientlyinstructedinthehistoryofourancestorsisthatwehaveneverlivedlongwiththem,andthattheyareoftendeadbeforewehaveattainedtheageofreason.Now,whenmenlivedsolong,childrenlivedlongwiththeirparents.Theyconversedlongwiththem.Butwhatelsecouldbethesubjectoftheirtalksavethehistoryoftheirancestors,sincetothatallhistorywasreduced,andmendidnotstudyscienceorart,whichnowformalargepartofdailyconversation?Weseealsothatinthesedaystribestookparticularcaretopreservetheirgenealogies.

    627.IbelievethatJoshuawasthefirstofGod-speopletohavethisname,asJesusChristwasthelastofGod-speople.

    628.AntiquityoftheJews.¡XWhatadifferencethereisbetweenonebookandanother!IamnotastonishedthattheGreeksmadetheIliad,northeEgyptiansandtheChinesetheirhistories.

    Wehaveonlytoseehowthisoriginates.Thesefabuloushistoriansarenotcontemporaneouswiththefactsaboutwhichtheywrite.Homercomposesaromance,whichhegivesoutassuch,andwhichisreceivedassuch;fornobodydoubtedthatTroyandAgamemnonnomoreexistedthandidthegoldenapple.Accordingly,hedidnotthinkofmakingahistory,butsolelyabooktoamuse;heistheonlywriterofhistime;thebeautyoftheworkhasmadeitlast,everyonelearnsitandtalksofit,itisnecessarytoknowit,andeachoneknowsitbyheart.Fourhundredyearsafterwardsthewitnessesofthesefactsarenolongeralive,nooneknowsofhisownknowledgeifitbeafableorahistory;onehasonlylearntitfromhisancestors,andthiscanpassfortruth.

    Everyhistorywhichisnotcontemporaneous,asthebooksoftheSibylsandTrismegistus,andsomanyotherswhichhavebeenbelievedbytheworld,arefalse,andfoundtobefalseinthecourseoftime.Itisnotsowithcontemporaneouswriters.

    Thereisagreatdifferencebetweenabookwhichanindividualwritesandpublishestoanation,andabookwhichitselfcreatesanation.Wecannotdoubtthatthebookisasoldasthepeople.

    629.Josephushidestheshameofhisnation.

    Mosesdoesnothidehisownshame.

    Quismihidetutomnesprophetent?

    Hewaswearyofthemultitude.

    630.ThesincerityoftheJews.¡XMaccabees,aftertheyhadnomoreprophets;theMasorah,sinceJesusChrist.

    Thisbookwillbeatestimonyforyou.

    Defectiveandfinalletters.

    Sincereagainsttheirhonour,anddyingforit;thishasnoexampleintheworld,andnorootinnature.

    631.SincerityoftheJews.¡XTheypreservelovinglyandcarefullythebookinwhichMosesdeclaresthattheyhavebeenalltheirlifeungratefultoGod,andthatheknowstheywillbestillmoresoafterhisdeath;butthathecallsheavenandearthtowitnessagainstthemandthathehastaughtthemenough.

    HedeclaresthatGod,beingangrywiththem,shallatlastscatterthemamongallthenationsoftheearth;thatastheyhaveoffendedHimbyworshippinggodswhowerenottheirGod,soHewillprovokethembycallingapeoplewhoarenotHispeople;thatHedesiresthatallHiswordsbepreservedforever,andthatHisbookbeplacedintheArkoftheCovenanttoserveforeverasawitnessagainstthem.

    Isaiahsaysthesamething,30.

    632.OnEsdras.¡XThestorythatthebookswereburntwiththetempleprovedfalsebyMaccabees:"Jeremiahgavethemthelaw."

    Thestorythatherecitedthewholebyheart.JosephusandEsdraspointoutthathereadthebook.Baronius,AnnalesEcclesiasticiaChristoNatoadAnnum1198,180:NulluspenitusHebraeorumantiquorumreperiturquitradideritlibrosperiisseetperEsdramesserestitutos,nisiinIVEsdrae.

    Thestorythathechangedtheletters.

    Philo,inVitaMosis:IllalinguaaccharacterquoantiquitusscriptaestlexsicpermansitusqueadLXX.

    JosephussaysthattheLawwasinHebrewwhenitwastranslatedbytheSeventy.

    UnderAntiochusandVespasian,whentheywantedtoabolishthebooks,andwhentherewasnoprophet,theycouldnotdoso.AndundertheBabylonians,whennopersecutionhadbeenmade,andwhenthereweresomanyprophets,wouldtheyhaveletthembeburnt?

    JosephuslaughsattheGreekswhowouldnothear

    Tertullian:Perindepotuitabolefactameamviolentiacataclysmiinspiriturursusreformare,quemadmodumetHierosolymisBabyloniaexpugnationedeletis,omneinstrumentumJudaicaeliteraturaeperEsdramconstatrestauratum.

    HesaysthatNoahcouldaseasilyhaverestoredinspiritthebookofEnoch,destroyedbytheDeluge,asEsdrascouldhaverestoredtheScriptureslostduringtheCaptivity.

    (Theos)enteepiNabouchodonosoraichmalosiatoulaou,diaphthareisontonGraphonenepneuse-Esdratoierei,ektesphulesLeuitoustonprogegonotonprophetonpantasanataxasthailogous,kaiapokatastesaitolaetendiaMouseosnomothesian.HeallegesthistoprovethatitisnotincrediblethattheSeventymayhaveexplainedtheHolyScriptureswiththatuniformitywhichweadmireinthem.AndhetookthatfromSaintIrenaeus.

    SaintHilary,inhisprefacetothePsalms,saysthatEsdrasarrangedthePsalmsinorder.

    Theoriginofthistraditioncomesfromthe14thchapterofthefourthbookofEsdras.Deusglorificatusest,etScripturaeveredivinaecreditaesunt,omnibuseandemeteisdemverbiseteisdemnominibusrecitantibusabinitiousqueadfinem,utietpraesentesgentescognoscerentquoniamperinspirationemDeiinterpretataesuntScripturae,etnonessetmirabileDeumhocineisoperatum:quandoineacaptivitatepopuliquaefactaestaNabuchodonosor,corruptisscripturisetpost70annosJudaeisdescendentibusinregionemsuam,etpostdeindetemporibusArtaxerxisPersarumregis,inspiravitEsdraesacerdotitribusLevipraeteritorumprophetarumomnesrememoraresermones,etrestituerepopuloeamlegemquaedataestperMoysen.

    633.AgainstthestoryinEsdras,2Maccab.2.;Josephus,Antiquities,II,i.¡XCyrustookoccasionfromtheprophecyofIsaiahtoreleasethepeople.TheJewsheldtheirpropertyinpeaceunderCyrusinBabylon;hencetheycouldwellhavethelaw.

    Josephus,inthewholehistoryofEsdras,doesnotsayonewordaboutthisrestoration.2Kings17:27.

    634.IfthestoryinEsdrasiscredible,thenitmustbebelievedthattheScriptureisHolyScripture;forthisstoryisbasedonlyontheauthorityofthosewhoassertthatoftheSeventy,whichshowsthattheScriptureisholy.

    Therefore,ifthisaccountbetrue,wehavewhatwewanttherein;ifnot,wehaveitelsewhere.Andthusthosewhowouldruinthetruthofourreligion,foundedonMoses,establishitbythesameauthoritybywhichtheyattackit.Sobythisprovidenceitstillexists.

    635.ChronologyofRabbinism.(ThecitationsofpagesarefromthebookPugio.)

    Page27.R.Hakadosch(anno200),authoroftheMischna,orvocallaw,orsecondlaw.

    CommentariesontheMischna(anno340):TheoneSiphra.

    Barajetot.

    TalmudHierosol.

    Tosiphtot.

    BereschitRabah,byR.OsaiahRabah,commentaryontheMischna.

    BereschitRabah,BarNaconi,aresubtleandpleasantdiscourses,historicalandtheological.ThissameauthorwrotethebookscalledRabot.

    AhundredyearsaftertheTalmudHierosolwascomposedtheBabylonianTalmud,byR.Ase,A.D.440,bytheuniversalconsentofalltheJews,whoarenecessarilyobligedtoobserveallthatiscontainedtherein.

    TheadditionofR.AseiscalledtheGemara,thatistosay,thecommentaryontheMischna.

    AndtheTalmudincludestogethertheMischnaandtheGemara.

    636.Ifdoesnotindicateindifference:Malachi,Isaiah.

    Isaiah,Sivolumus,etc.

    Inquacumquedie.

    637.Prophecies.¡XThesceptrewasnotinterruptedbythecaptivityinBabylon,becausethereturnwaspromisedandforetold.

    638.ProofsofJesusChrist.¡XCaptivity,withtheassuranceofdeliverancewithinseventyyears,wasnotrealcaptivity.Butnowtheyarecaptiveswithoutanyhope.

    Godhaspromisedthemthat,eventhoughHeshouldscatterthemtotheendsoftheearth,nevertheless,iftheywerefaithfultoHislaw,Hewouldassemblethemtogetheragain.Theyareveryfaithfultoitandremainoppressed.

    639.WhenNebuchadnezzarcarriedawaythepeople,forfeartheyshouldbelievethatthesceptrehaddepartedfromJudah,theyweretoldbeforehandthattheywouldbethereforashorttime,andthattheywouldberestored.Theywerealwaysconsoledbytheprophets;andtheirkingscontinued.Buttheseconddestructioniswithoutpromiseofrestoration,withoutprophets,withoutkings,withoutconsolation,withouthope,becausethesceptreistakenawayforever.

    640.Itisawonderfulthing,andworthyofparticularattention,toseethisJewishpeopleexistingsomanyyearsinperpetualmisery,itbeingnecessaryasaproofofJesusChristboththattheyshouldexisttoproveHimandthattheyshouldbemiserablebecausetheycrucifiedHim;andthoughtobemiserableandtoexistarecontradictory,theyneverthelessstillexistinspiteoftheirmisery.

    641.TheyarevisiblyapeopleexpresslycreatedtoserveasawitnesstotheMessiah(Isaiah43:9;44:8).Theykeepthebooks,andlovethem,anddonotunderstandthem.Andallthiswasforetold;thatGod-sjudgmentsareentrustedtothem,butasasealedbook.

    SECTIONX:TYPOLOGY

    642.ProofofthetwoTestamentsatonce.¡XToprovethetwoatonestroke,weneedonlyseeifthepropheciesinonearefulfilledintheother.Toexaminetheprophecies,wemustunderstandthem.Forifwebelievetheyhaveonlyonemeaning,itiscertainthattheMessiahhasnotcome;butiftheyhavetwomeanings,itiscertainthatHehascomeinJesusChrist.

    Thewholeproblemthenistoknowiftheyhavetwomeanings.

    ThattheScripturehastwomeanings,whichJesusChristandtheApostleshavegiven,isshownbythefollowingproofs:

    1.ProofbyScriptureitself.

    2.ProofbytheRabbis.MosesMaimonidessaysthatithastwoaspectsandthattheprophetshaveprophesiedJesusChristonly.

    3.ProofbytheKabbala.

    4.ProofbythemysticalinterpretationwhichtheRabbisthemselvesgivetoScripture.

    5.ProofbytheprinciplesoftheRabbis,thattherearetwomeanings;thattherearetwoadventsoftheMessiah,agloriousandanhumiliatingone,accordingtotheirdesert;thattheprophetshaveprophesiedoftheMessiahonly¡XtheLawisnoteternal,butmustchangeatthecomingoftheMessiah¡XthatthentheyshallnomoreremembertheRedSea;thattheJewsandtheGentilesshallbemingled.

    6.ProofbythekeywhichJesusChristandtheApostlesgiveus.

    643.Isaiah51.TheRedSeaanimageoftheRedemption.Utsciatisquodfiliushominishabetpotestatemremittendipeccatatibidico:Surge.God,wishingtoshowthatHecouldformapeopleholywithaninvisibleholiness,andfillthemwithaneternalglory,madevisiblethings.Asnatureisanimageofgrace,HehasdoneinthebountiesofnaturewhatHewoulddointhoseofgrace,inorderthatwemightjudgethatHecouldmaketheinvisible,sinceHemadethevisibleexcellently.

    ThereforeHesavedthispeoplefromthedeluge;HehasraisedthemupfromAbraham,redeemedthemfromtheirenemies,andsetthematrest.

    TheobjectofGodwasnottosavethemfromthedeluge,andraiseupawholepeoplefromAbraham,onlyinordertobringthemintoarichland.

    Andevengraceisonlythetypeofglory,foritisnottheultimateend.Ithasbeensymbolisedbythelaw,anditselfsymbolisesglory.Butitisthetypeofit,andtheoriginorcause.

    Theordinarylifeofmenislikethatofthesaints.Theyallseektheirsatisfactionanddifferonlyintheobjectinwhichtheyplaceit;theycallthosetheirenemieswhohinderthem,etc.GodhasthenshownthepowerwhichHehasofgivinginvisibleblessings,bythatwhichHehasshownHimselftohaveoverthingsvisible.

    644.Types.¡XGod,wishingtoformforHimselfanholypeople,whomHeshouldseparatefromallothernations,whomHeshoulddeliverfromtheirenemiesandshouldputintoaplaceofrest,haspromisedtodosoandhasforetoldbyHisprophetsthetimeandthemannerofHiscoming.Andyet,toconfirmthehopeofHiselect,Hehasmadethemseeinitanimagethroughalltime,withoutleavingthemdevoidofassurancesofHispowerandofHiswilltosavethem.For,atthecreationofman,Adamwasthewitness,andguardianofthepromiseofaSaviour,whoshouldbebornofwoman,whenmenwerestillsonearthecreationthattheycouldnothaveforgottentheircreationandtheirfall.WhenthosewhohadseenAdamwerenolongerintheworld,GodsentNoahwhomHesaved,anddrownedthewholeearthbyamiraclewhichsufficientlyindicatedthepowerwhichHehadtosavetheworld,andthewillwhichHehadtodoso,andtoraiseupfromtheseedofwomanHimwhomHehadpromised.Thismiraclewasenoughtoconfirmthehopeofmen.

    ThememoryoftheDelugebeingsofreshamongmen,whileNoahwasstillalive,GodmadepromisestoAbraham,and,whileShemwasstillliving,sentMoses,etc

    645.Types.¡XGod,willingtodepriveHisownofperishableblessings,createdtheJewishpeopleinordertoshowthatthiswasnotowingtolackofpower.

    646.TheSynagoguedidnotperish,becauseitwasatype.But,becauseitwasonlyatype,itfellintoservitude.Thetypeexistedtillthetruthcame,inorderthattheChurchshouldbealwaysvisible,eitherinthesignwhichpromisedit,orinsubstance.

    647.Thatthelawwasfigurative.

    648.Twoerrors:1.Totakeeverythingliterally.2.Totakeeverythingspiritually.

    649.Tospeakagainsttoogreatlyfigurativelanguage.

    650.Therearesometypesclearanddemonstrative,butotherswhichseemsomewhatfar-fetched,andwhichconvinceonlythosewhoarealreadypersuaded.TheseareliketheApocalyptics.Butthedifferenceisthattheyhavenonewhicharecertain,sothatnothingissounjustastoclaimthattheirsareaswellfoundedassomeofours;fortheyhavenonesodemonstrativeassomeofours.Thecomparisonisunfair.Wemustnotputonthesamelevelandconfoundthings,becausetheyseemtoagreeinonepoint,whiletheyaresodifferentinanother.Theclearnessindivinethingsrequiresustoreveretheobscuritiesinthem.

    Itislikemen,whoemployacertainobscurelanguageamongthemselves.Thosewhoshouldnotunderstanditwouldunderstandonlyafoolishmeaning.

    651.ExtravagancesoftheApocalyptics,Preadamites,whowouldbaseextravagantopinionsonScripturewill,forexample,basethemonthis.Itissaidthat"thisgenerationshallnotpasstillallthesethingsbefulfilled."UponthatIwillsaythatafterthatgenerationwillcomeanothergeneration,andsooneverinsuccession.

    SolomonandtheKingarespokenofinthesecondbookofChroniclesasiftheyweretwodifferentpersons.Iwillsaythattheyweretwo.

    652.ParticularTypes.¡XAdoublelaw,doubletablesofthelaw,adoubletemple,adoublecaptivity.

    653.Types.¡XTheprophetsprophesiedbysymbolsofagirdle,abeard,andburnthair,etc.

    654.Differencebetweendinnerandsupper.

    InGodtheworddoesnotdifferfromtheintention,forHeistrue;northewordfromtheeffect,forHeispowerful;northemeansfromtheeffect,forHeiswise.St.Bernard,UltimoSermoinMissam.

    St.Augustine,CityofGod,v.10.Thisruleisgeneral.Godcandoeverything,exceptthosethingswhich,ifHecoulddo,Hewouldnotbealmighty,asdying,beingdeceived,lying,etc.

    SeveralEvangelistsfortheconfirmationofthetruth;theirdifferenceuseful.

    TheEucharistafterLord-sSupper.Truthafterthetype.

    TheruinofJerusalem,atypeoftheruinoftheworld,fortyyearsafterthedeathofJesus."Iknownot,"asaman,orasanambassador(Mark13:32;Matthew24:36.)

    JesuscondemnedbytheJewsandtheGentiles.

    TheJewsandtheGentilestypifiedbythetwosons.St.AugustineCityofGod,xx.29.

    655.Thesixages,thesixFathersofthesixages,thesixwondersatthebeginningofthesixages,thesixmorningsatthebeginningofthesixages.

    656.Adamformafuturi.Thesixdaystoformtheone,thesixagestoformtheother.Thesixdays,whichMosesrepresentsfortheformationofAdam,areonlythepictureofthesixagestoformJesusChristandtheChurch.IfAdamhadnotsinned,andJesusChristhadnotcome,therehadbeenonlyonecovenant,onlyoneageofmen,andthecreationwouldhavebeenrepresentedasaccomplishedatonesingletime.

    657.Types.¡XTheJewishandEgyptianpeopleswereplainlyforetoldbythetwoindividualswhomMosesmet;theEgyptianbeatingtheJew,MosesavenginghimandkillingtheEgyptian,andtheJewbeingungrateful.

    658.ThesymbolsoftheGospelforthestateofthesicksoularesickbodies;but,becauseonebodycannotbesickenoughtoexpressitwell,severalhavebeenneeded.Thustherearethedeaf,thedumb,theblind,theparalytic,thedeadLazarus,thepossessed.Allthiscrowdisinthesicksoul.

    659.Types.¡XToshowthattheOldTestamentisonlyfigurativeandthattheprophetsunderstoodbytemporalblessingsotherblessings,thisistheproof:

    First,thatthiswouldbeunworthyofGod.

    Secondly,thattheirdiscoursesexpressveryclearlythepromiseoftemporalblessings,andthattheysayneverthelessthattheirdiscoursesareobscure,andthattheirmeaningwillnotbeunderstood.Whenceitappearsthatthissecretmeaningwasnotthatwhichtheyopenlyexpressed,andthatconsequentlytheymeanttospeakofothersacrifices,ofanotherdeliverer,etc.Theysaythattheywillbeunderstoodonlyinthefullnessoftime(Jer.30:24).

    Thethirdproofisthattheirdiscoursesarecontradictory,andneutraliseeachother;sothat,ifwethinkthattheydidnotmeanbythewordslawandsacrificeanythingelsethanthatofMoses,thereisaplainandgrosscontradiction.Thereforetheymeantsomethingelse,sometimescontradictingthemselvesinthesamechapter.Now,tounderstandthemeaningofanauthor

    660.Lusthasbecomenaturaltousandhasmadeoursecondnature.Thustherearetwonaturesinus¡Xtheonegood,theotherbad.WhereisGod?Whereyouarenot,andthekingdomofGodiswithinyou.TheRabbis.

    661.Penitence,aloneofallthesemysteries,hasbeenmanifestlydeclaredtotheJews,andbySaintJohn,theForerunner;andthentheothermysteries;toindicatethatineachman,asintheentireworld,thisordermustbeobserved.

    662.ThecarnalJewsunderstoodneitherthegreatnessnorthehumiliationoftheMessiahforetoldintheirprophecies.TheymisunderstoodHiminHisforetoldgreatness,aswhenHesaidthattheMessiahshouldbelordofDavid,thoughhisson,andthatHewasbeforeAbraham,whohadseenHim.TheydidnotbelieveHimsogreatastobeeternal,andtheylikewisemisunderstoodHiminHishumiliationandinHisdeath."TheMessiah,"saidthey,"abidethforever,andthismansaysthatheshalldie."ThereforetheybelievedHimneithermortalnoreternal;theyonlysoughtinHimforacarnalgreatness.

    663.Typical.¡XNothingissolikecharityascovetousness,andnothingissoopposedtoit.ThustheJews,fullofpossessionswhichflatteredtheircovetousness,wereverylikeChristians,andverycontrary.Andbythismeanstheyhadthetwoqualitieswhichitwasnecessarytheyshouldhave,tobeveryliketheMessiahtotypifyHim,andverycontrarynottobesuspectedwitnesses.

    664.Typical.¡XGodmadeuseofthelustoftheJewstomakethemministertoJesusChrist,whobroughttheremedyfortheirlust.

    665.Charityisnotafigurativeprecept.ItisdreadfultosaythatJesusChrist,whocametotakeawaytypesinordertoestablishthetruth,cameonlytoestablishthetypeofcharity,inordertotakeawaytheexistingrealitywhichwastherebefore.

    "Ifthelightbedarkness,howgreatisthatdarkness!"

    666.Fascination.Somnumsuum.Figurahujusmundi.

    TheEucharist.Comedespanemtuum.Panemnostrum.

    InimiciDeiterramlingent.Sinnerslickthedust,thatistosay,loveearthlypleasures.

    TheOldTestamentcontainsthetypesoffuturejoy,andtheNewcontainsthemeansofarrivingatit.Thetypeswereofjoy;themeansofpenitence;andneverthelessthePaschalLambwaseatenwithbitterherbs,cumamaritudinibus.

    Singularissumegodonectranseam.JesusChristbeforeHisdeathwasalmosttheonlymartyr.

    667.Typical.¡XTheexpressionssword,shield.Potentissime.

    668.Weareestrangedonlybydepartingfromcharity.OurprayersandourvirtuesareabominablebeforeGod,iftheyarenottheprayersandthevirtuesofJesusChrist.Andoursinswillneverbetheobjectofmercy,butofthejusticeofGod,iftheyarenotJesusChrist.Hehasadoptedoursins,andhasusintounion,forvirtuesareHisown,andsinsareforeigntoHim;whilevirtuesareforeigntous,andoursinsareourown.

    Letuschangetherulewhichwehavehithertochosenforjudgingwhatisgood.Wehadourownwillasourrule.LetusnowtakethewillofGod;allthatHewillsisgoodandrighttous,allthatHedoesnotwillisbad.

    AllthatGoddoesnotpermitisforbidden.SinsareforbiddenbythegeneraldeclarationthatGodhasmade,thatHedidnotallowthem.OtherthingswhichHehasleftwithoutgeneralprohibition,andwhichforthatreasonaresaidtobepermitted,areneverthelessnotalwayspermitted.ForwhenGodremovedsomeoneofthemfromus,andwhen,bytheevent,whichisamanifestationofthewillofGod,itappearsthatGoddoesnotwillthatweshouldhaveathing,thatisthenforbiddentousassin;sincethewillofGodisthatweshouldnothaveonemorethananother.Thereisthissoledifferencebetweenthesetwothings,thatitiscertainthatGodwillneverallowsin,whileitisnotcertainthatHewillneverallowtheother.ButsolongasGoddoesnotpermitit,weoughttoregarditassin;solongastheabsenceofGod-swill,whichaloneisallgoodnessandalljustice,rendersitunjustandwrong.

    669.Tochangethetype,becauseofourweakness.

    670.Types.¡XTheJewshadgrownoldintheseearthlythoughts,thatGodlovedtheirfatherAbraham,hisfleshandwhatsprungfromit;thatonaccountofthisHehadmultipliedthemanddistinguishedthemfromallothernations,withoutallowingthemtointermingle;that,whentheywerelanguishinginEgypt,Hebroughtthemoutwithallthesegreatsignsintheirfavour;thatHefedthemwithmannainthedesert,andledthemintoaveryrichland;thatHegavethemkingsandawell-builttemple,inordertoofferupbeastsbeforeHim,bythesheddingofwhosebloodtheyshouldbepurified;andthat,atlast,HewastosendthemtheMessiahtomakethemmastersofalltheworld,andforetoldthetimeofHiscoming.

    Theworldhavinggrownoldinthesecarnalerrors,JesusChristcameatthetimeforetold,butnotwiththeexpectedglory;andthusmendidnotthinkitwasHe.AfterHisdeath,SaintPaulcametoteachmenthatallthesethingshadhappenedinallegory;thatthekingdomofGoddidnotconsistintheflesh,butinthespirit;thattheenemiesofmenwerenottheBabylonians,butthepassions;thatGoddelightednotintemplesmadewithhands,butinapureandcontriteheart;thatthecircumcisionofthebodywasunprofitable,butthatoftheheartwasneeded;thatMoseshadnotgiventhemthebreadfromheaven,etc.

    ButGod,nothavingdesiredtorevealthesethingstothispeoplewhowereunworthyofthemandhaving,nevertheless,desiredtoforetellthem,inorderthattheymightbebelieved,foretoldthetimeclearly,andexpressedthethingssometimesclearly,butveryofteninfigures,inorderthatthosewholovedsymbolsmightconsiderthemandthosewholovedwhatwassymbolisedmightseeittherein.

    Allthattendsnottocharityisfigurative.

    ThesoleaimoftheScriptureischarity.

    Allwhichtendsnottothesoleendisthetypeofit.Forsincethereisonlyoneend,allwhichdoesnotleadtoitinexpresstermsisfigurative.

    Godthusvariesthatsolepreceptofcharitytosatisfyourcuriositywhichseeksforvariety,bythatvarietywhichstillleadsustotheonethingneedful.Foronethingaloneisneedful,andwelovevariety;andGodsatisfiesbothbythesevarieties,whichleadtotheonethingneedful.

    TheJewshavesomuchlovedtheshadowsandhavesostrictlyexpectedthemthattheyhavemisunderstoodthereality,whenitcameinthetimeandmannerforetold.

    TheRabbistakethebreastsoftheSpousefortypes,andallthatdoesnotexpresstheonlyendtheyhave,namely,temporalgood.

    AndChristianstakeeventheEucharistasatypeofthegloryatwhichtheyaim.

    671.TheJews,whohavebeencalledtosubduenationsandkings,havebeentheslavesofsin;andtheChristians,whosecallinghasbeentobeservantsandsubjects,arefreechildren.

    672.Aformalpoint.¡XWhenSaintPeterandtheApostlesdeliberatedaboutabolishingcircumcision,whereitwasaquestionofactingagainstthelawofGod,theydidnotheedtheprophets,butsimplythereceptionoftheHolySpiritinthepersonsuncircumcised.

    TheythoughtitmorecertainthatGodapprovedofthosewhomHefilledwithHisSpiritthanitwasthatthelawmustbeobeyed.TheyknewthattheendofthelawwasonlytheHolySpirit;andthatthus,asmencertainlyhadthiswithoutcircumcision,itwasnotnecessary.

    673.Facsecundumexemplarquodtibiostensumestinmonte.¡XTheJewishreligionthenhasbeenformedonitslikenesstothetruthoftheMessiah;andthetruthoftheMessiahhasbeenrecognisedbythereligion,whichwasthetypeofit.

    AmongtheJewsthetruthwasonlytypified;inheavenitisrevealed.

    IntheChurchitishiddenandrecognisedbyitsresemblancetothetype.

    Thetypehasbeenmadeaccordingtothetruth,andthetruthhasbeenrecognisedaccordingtothetype.

    SaintPaulsayshimselfthatpeoplewillforbidtomarry,andhehimselfspeaksofittotheCorinthiansinawaywhichisasnare.Forifaprophethadsaidtheone,andSaintPaulhadthensaidtheother,hewouldhavebeenaccused.

    674.Typical.¡X"Doallthingsaccordingtothepatternwhichhasbeenshowntheeonthemount."OnwhichSaintPaulsaysthattheJewshaveshadowedforthheavenlythings.

    675AndyetthisCovenant,madetoblindsomeandenlightenothers,indicatedinthoseverypersons,whomitblinded,thetruthwhichshouldberecognisedbyothers.ForthevisibleblessingswhichtheyreceivedfromGodweresogreatandsodivinethatHeindeedappearedabletogivethemthosethatareinvisibleandaMessiah.

    FornatureisanimageofGrace,andvisiblemiraclesareimagesoftheinvisible.Utsciatistibidico:Surge.

    IsaiahsaysthatRedemptionwillbeasthepassageoftheRedSea.

    Godhas,then,shownbythedeliverancefromEgypt,andfromthesea,bythedefeatofkings,bythemanna,bythewholegenealogyofAbraham,thatHewasabletosave,tosenddownbreadfromheaven,etc.;sothatthepeoplehostiletoHimarethetypeandtherepresentationoftheveryMessiahwhomtheyknownot,etc.

    Hehas,then,taughtusatlastthatallthesethingswereonlytypesandwhatis"truefreedom,"a"trueIsraelite,""truecircumcision,""truebreadfromheaven,"etc.

    Inthesepromiseseachonefindswhathehasmostatheart,temporalbenefitsorspiritual,Godorthecreatures;butwiththisdifference,thatthosewhothereinseekthecreaturesfindthem,butwithmanycontradictions,withaprohibitionagainstlovingthem,withthecommandtoworshipGodonly,andtoloveHimonly,whichisthesamething,and,finally,thattheMessiahcamenotforthem;whereasthosewhothereinseekGodfindHim,withoutanycontradiction,withthecommandtoloveHimonly,andthattheMessiahcameinthetimeforetold,togivethemtheblessingswhichtheyask.

    ThustheJewshadmiraclesandprophecies,whichtheysawfulfilled,andtheteachingoftheirlawwastoworshipandloveGodonly;itwasalsoperpetual.Thusithadallthemarksofthetruereligion;andsoitwas.ButtheJewishteachingmustbedistinguishedfromtheteachingoftheJewishlaw.NowtheJewishteachingwasnottrue,althoughithadmiraclesandprophecyandperpetuity,becauseithadnotthisotherpointofworshippingandlovingGodonly.

    676.Theveil,whichisuponthesebooksfortheJews,istherealsoforevilChristiansandforallwhodonothatethemselves.

    ButhowwelldisposedmenaretounderstandthemandtoknowJesusChrist,whentheytrulyhatethemselves!

    677.Atypeconveysabsenceandpresence,pleasureandpain.

    Acipherhasadoublemeaning,oneclearandoneinwhichitissaidthatthemeaningishidden.

    678.Types.¡XAportraitconveysabsenceandpresence,pleasureandpain.Therealityexcludesabsenceandpain.

    Toknowifthelawandthesacrificesarearealityoratype,wemustseeiftheprophets,inspeakingofthesethings,confinedtheirviewandtheirthoughttothem,sothattheysawonlytheoldcovenant;oriftheysawthereinsomethingelseofwhichtheyweretherepresentation,forinaportraitweseethethingfigured.Forthisweneedonlyexaminewhattheysayofthem.

    Whentheysaythatitwillbeeternal,dotheymeantospeakofthatcovenantwhichtheysaywillbechanged;andsoofthesacrifices,etc.?

    Acipherhastwomeanings.Whenwefindoutanimportantletterinwhichwediscoveraclearmeaning,andinwhichitisneverthelesssaidthatthemeaningisveiledandobscure,thatitishidden,sothatwemightreadtheletterwithoutseeingit,andinterpretitwithoutunderstandingit,whatmustwethinkbutthathereisacipherwithadoublemeaning,andthemoresoifwefindobviouscontradictionsintheliteralmeaning?TheprophetshaveclearlysaidthatIsraelwouldbealwayslovedbyGodandthatthelawwouldbeeternal;andtheyhavesaidthattheirmeaningwouldnotbeunderstoodandthatitwasveiled.

    Howgreatly,then,oughtwetovaluethosewhointerpretthecipherandteachustounderstandthehiddenmeaning,especiallyiftheprincipleswhichtheyeduceareperfectlyclearandnatural!ThisiswhatJesusChristdid,andtheApostles.Theybroketheseal;Herenttheveil,andrevealedthespirit.Theyhavetaughtusthroughthisthattheenemiesofmanarehispassions;thattheRedeemerwouldbespiritual,andHisreignspiritual;thattherewouldbetwoadvents,oneinlowlinesstohumbletheproud,theotheringlorytoexaltthehumble;thatJesusChristwouldbebothGodandman.

    679.Types.¡XJesusChristopenedtheirmindtounderstandtheScriptures.

    Twogreatrevelationsarethese.(1)Allthingshappenedtothemintypes:vereIsraelitae,vereliberi,truebreadfromHeaven.(2)AGodhumbledtotheCross.ItwasnecessarythatChristshouldsufferinordertoenterintoglory,"thatHeshoulddestroydeaththroughdeath."Twoadvents.

    680.Types.¡XWhenoncethissecretisdisclosed,itisimpossiblenottoseeit.LetusreadtheOldTestamentinthislight,andletusseeifthesacrificeswerereal;ifthefatherhoodofAbrahamwasthetruecauseofthefriendshipofGod;andifthepromisedlandwasthetrueplaceofrest.No.Theyarethereforetypes.Letusinthesamewayexamineallthoseordainedceremonies,allthosecommandmentswhicharenotofcharity,andweshallseethattheyaretypes.

    Allthesesacrificesandceremoniesweretheneithertypesornonsense.Nowthesearethingstooclearandtooloftytobethoughtnonsense.

    ToknowiftheprophetsconfinedtheirviewintheOldTestament,orsawthereinotherthings.

    681.Typical.¡XThekeyofthecipher.Veriadoratores.EcceagnusDeiquitollitpeccatamundi.

    682.Is.1:21.Changeofgoodintoevil,andthevengeanceofGod.Is.10:1;26:20;28:1.Miracles:Is.33:9;40:17;41:26;43:13.

    Jer.11:21;15:12;17:9.Pravumestcoromniumetincrustabile;quiscognoscetillud?thatistosay,Whocanknowallitsevil?Foritisalreadyknowntobewicked.Egodominus,etc.¡Xvii.14,Faciamdomuihuic,etc.Trustinexternalsacrifices¡X7:22,Quianonsumlocutus,etc.Outwardsacrificeisnottheessentialpoint¡X11:13,Secundumnumerum,etc.Amultitudeofdoctrines.

    Is.44:20-24;54:8;63:12-17;66:17.Jer.2:35;4:22-24;5:4,29-31;6:16;22:15-17.

    683.Types.¡XTheletterkills.Allhappenedintypes.HereisthecipherwhichSaintPaulgivesus.Christmustsuffer.AnhumiliatedGod.Circumcisionoftheheart,truefasting,truesacrifice,atruetemple.Theprophetshaveshownthatallthesemustbespiritual.

    Notthemeatwhichperishes,butthatwhichdoesnotperish.

    "Yeshallbefreeindeed."Thentheotherfreedomwasonlyatypeoffreedom.

    "IamthetruebreadfromHeaven."

    684.Contradiction.¡XWecanonlydescribeagoodcharacterbyreconcilingallcontraryqualities,anditisnotenoughtokeepupaseriesofharmoniousqualities,withoutreconcilingcontradictoryones.Tounderstandthemeaningofanauthor,wemustmakeallthecontrarypassagesagree.

    Thus,tounderstandScripture,wemusthaveameaninginwhichallthecontrarypassagesarereconciled.Itisnotenoughtohaveonewhichsuitsmanyconcurringpassages;butitisnecessarytohaveonewhichreconcilesevencontradictorypassages.

    Everyauthorhasameaninginwhichallthecontradictorypassagesagree,orhehasnomeaningatall.WecannotaffirmthelatterofScriptureandtheprophets;theyundoubtedlyarefullofgoodsense.Wemust,then,seekforameaningwhichreconcilesalldiscrepancies.

    Thetruemeaning,then,isnotthatoftheJews;butinJesusChristallthecontradictionsarereconciled.

    TheJewscouldnotreconcilethecessationoftheroyaltyandprincipality,foretoldbyHosea,withtheprophecyofJacob.

    Ifwetakethelaw,thesacrifices,andthekingdomasrealities,wecannotreconcileallthepassages.Theymustthennecessarilybeonlytypes.Wecannotevenreconcilethepassagesofthesameauthor,norofthesamebook,norsometimesofthesamechapter,whichindicatescopiouslywhatwasthemeaningoftheauthor.AswhenEzekiel,chap.20.,SaysthatmanwillnotlivebythecommandmentsofGodandwilllivebythem.

    685.Types.¡XIfthelawandthesacrificesarethetruth,itmustpleaseGod,andmustnotdispleaseHim.Iftheyaretypes,theymustbebothpleasinganddispleasing.

    NowinalltheScripturetheyarebothpleasinganddispleasing.Itissaidthatthelawshallbechanged;thatthesacrificeshallbechanged;thattheyshallbewithoutlaw,withoutaprince,andwithoutasacrifice;thatanewcovenantshallbemade;thatthelawshallberenewed;thatthepreceptswhichtheyhavereceivedarenotgood;thattheirsacrificesareabominable;thatGodhasdemandednoneofthem.

    Itissaid,onthecontrary,thatthelawshallabideforever;thatthiscovenantshallbeforever;thatsacrificeshallbeeternal;thatthesceptreshallneverdepartfromamongthem,becauseitshallnotdepartfromthemtilltheeternalKingcomes.

    Doallthesepassagesindicatewhatisreal?No.Dotheythenindicatewhatistypical?No,butwhatiseitherrealortypical.Butthefirstpassages,excludingastheydoreality,indicatethatallthisisonlytypical.

    Allthesepassagestogethercannotbeappliedtoreality;allcanbesaidtobetypical;thereforetheyarenotspokenofreality,butofthetype.

    Agnusoccisusestaboriginemundi.Asacrificingjudge.

    686.Contradictions.¡XThesceptretilltheMessiah¡Xwithoutkingorprince.

    Theeternallaw¡Xchanged.

    Theeternalcovenant¡Xanewcovenant.

    Goodlaws¡Xbadprecepts.Ezekiel.

    687.Types.¡XWhenthewordofGod,whichisreallytrue,isfalseliterally,itistruespiritually.Sedeadextrismeis:thisisfalseliterally,thereforeitistruespiritually.

    Intheseexpressions,Godisspokenofafterthemannerofmen;andthismeansnothingelsebutthattheintentionwhichmenhaveingivingaseatattheirrighthand,Godwillhavealso.ItisthenanindicationoftheintentionofGod,notofHismannerofcarryingitout.

    Thuswhenitissaid,"Godhasreceivedtheodourofyourincense,andwillinrecompensegiveyouarichland,"thatisequivalenttosayingthatthesameintentionwhichamanwouldhave,who,pleasedwithyourperfumes,shouldinrecompensegiveyouarichland,Godwillhavetowardsyou,becauseyouhavehadthesameintentionasamanhastowardshimtowhomhepresentsperfumes.Soiratusest,a"jealousGod,"etc.For,thethingsofGodbeinginexpressible,theycannotbespokenofotherwise,andtheChurchmakesuseofthemevento-day:Quiaconfortavitseras,etc.

    ItisnotallowabletoattributetoScripturethemeaningwhichisnotrevealedtousthatithas.Thus,tosaythattheclosedmemofIsaiahsignifiessixhundred,hasnotbeenrevealed.Itmightbesaidthatthefinaltsadeandhedeficientesmaysignifymysteries.Butitisnotallowabletosayso,andstilllesstosaythisisthewayofthephilosopher-sstone.Butwesaythattheliteralmeaningisnotthetruemeaning,becausetheprophetshavethemselvessaidso.

    688.Idonotsaythatthememismystical.

    689.Moses(Deut.30)PromisesthatGodwillcircumcisetheirhearttorenderthemcapableoflovingHim.

    690.OnesayingofDavid,orofMoses,asforinstancethat"Godwillcircumcisetheheart,"enablesustojudgeoftheirspirit.IfalltheirotherexpressionswereambiguousandleftusindoubtwhethertheywerephilosophersorChristians,onesayingofthiskindwouldinfactdeterminealltherest,asonesentenceofEpictetusdecidesthemeaningofalltheresttobetheopposite.Sofarambiguityexists,butnotafterwards.

    691.Ifoneoftwopersons,whoaretellingsillystories,useslanguagewithadoublemeaning,understoodinhisowncircle,whiletheotherusesitwithonlyonemeaning,anyonenotinthesecret,whohearsthembothtalkinthismanner,willpassuponthemthesamejudgment.But,if,afterwards,intherestoftheirconversationonesaysangelicthings,andtheotheralwaysdullcommonplaces,hewilljudgethattheonespokeinmysteries,andnottheother;theonehavingsufficientlyshownthatheisincapableofsuchfoolishnessandcapableofbeingmysterious;andtheotherthatheisincapableofmysteryandcapableoffoolishness.

    TheOldTestamentisacipher.

    692.Therearesomethatseeclearlythatmanhasnootherenemythanlust,whichturnshimfromGod,andnotGod;andthathehasnoothergoodthanGod,andnotarichland.Letthosewhobelievethatthegoodofmanisintheflesh,andevilinwhatturnshimawayfromsensualpleasures,satiatethemselveswiththem,anddieinthem.ButletthosewhoseekGodwithalltheirheart,whoareonlytroubledatnotseeingHim,whodesireonlytopossessHimandhaveasenemiesonlythosewhoturnthemawayfromHim,whoaregrievedatseeingthemselvessurroundedandoverwhelmedwithsuchenemies,takecomfort.Iproclaimtothemhappynews.ThereexistsaRedeemerforthem.IshallshowHimtothem.IshallshowthatthereisaGodforthem.IshallnotshowHimtoothers.IshallmakethemseethataMessiahhasbeenpromised,whoshoulddeliverthemfromtheirenemies,andthatOnehascometofreethemfromtheiriniquities,butnotfromtheirenemies.

    WhenDavidforetoldthattheMessiahwoulddeliverHispeoplefromtheirenemies,onecanbelievethatinthefleshthesewouldbetheEgyptians;andthenIcannotshowthattheprophecywasfulfilled.Butonecanwellbelievealsothattheenemieswouldbetheirsins;forindeedtheEgyptianswerenottheirenemies,buttheirsinswereso.Thiswordenemiesis,therefore,ambiguous.Butifhesayselsewhere,ashedoes,thatHewilldeliverHispeoplefromtheirsins,asindeeddoIsaiahandothers,theambiguityisremoved,andthedoublemeaningofenemiesisreducedtothesimplemeaningofiniquities.Forifhehadsinsinhismind,hecouldwelldenotethemasenemies;butifhethoughtofenemies,hecouldnotdesignatethemasiniquities.

    NowMoses,David,andIsaiahusedthesameterms.Whowillsay,then,thattheyhavenotthesamemeaningandthatDavid-smeaning,whichisplainlyiniquitieswhenhespokeofenemies,wasnotthesameasthatofMoseswhenspeakingofenemies?

    Daniel(ix)praysforthedeliveranceofthepeoplefromthecaptivityoftheirenemies.Buthewasthinkingofsins,and,toshowthis,hesaysthatGabrielcametotellhimthathisprayerwasheard,andthattherewereonlyseventyweekstowait,afterwhichthepeoplewouldbefreedfrominiquity,sinwouldhaveanend,andtheRedeemer,theHolyofHolies,wouldbringeternaljustice,notlegal,buteternal.

    SECTIONXI:THEPROPHECIES

    693.WhenIseetheblindnessandthewretchednessofman,whenIregardthewholesilentuniverseandmanwithoutlight,lefttohimselfand,asitwere,lostinthiscorneroftheuniverse,withoutknowingwhohasputhimthere,whathehascometodo,whatwillbecomeofhimatdeath,andincapableofallknowledge,Ibecometerrified,likeamanwhoshouldbecarriedinhissleeptoadreadfuldesertislandandshouldawakewithoutknowingwhereheisandwithoutmeansofescape.AndthereuponIwonderhowpeopleinaconditionsowretcheddonotfallintodespair.Iseeotherpersonsaroundmeofalikenature.IaskthemiftheyarebetterinformedthanIam.Theytellmethattheyarenot.Andthereuponthesewretchedandlostbeings,havinglookedaroundthemandseensomepleasingobjects,havegivenandattachedthemselvestothem.Formyownpart,Ihavenotbeenabletoattachmyselftothem,and,consideringhowstronglyitappearsthatthereissomethingelsethanwhatIsee,IhaveexaminedwhetherthisGodhasnotleftsomesignofHimself.

    Iseemanycontradictoryreligions,andconsequentlyallfalsesaveone.Eachwantstobebelievedonitsownauthority,andthreatensunbelievers.Idonotthereforebelievethem.Everyonecansaythis;everyonecancallhimselfaprophet.ButIseethatChristianreligionwhereinpropheciesarefulfilled;andthatiswhateveryonecannotdo.

    694.Andwhatcrownsallthisisprediction,sothatitshouldnotbesaidthatitischancewhichhasdoneit?

    Whosoever,havingonlyaweektolive,willnotfindoutthatitisexpedienttobelievethatallthisisnotastrokeofchance

    Now,ifthepassionshadnoholdonus,aweekandahundredyearswouldamounttothesamething.

    695.Prophecies.¡XGreatPanisdead.

    696.Susceperuntverbumcumomniaviditate,scrutantesScripturas,siitasehaberent.

    697.Proditalege.Impletacerne.Implendacollige.

    698.Weunderstandthepropheciesonlywhenweseetheeventshappen.Thustheproofsofretreat,discretion,silence,etc.,areproofsonlytothosewhoknowandbelievethem.

    Josephsointernalinalawsoexternal.

    Outwardpenancesdisposetoinward,ashumiliationstohumility.Thusthe

    699.Thesynagoguehasprecededthechurch;theJews,theChristians.TheprophetshaveforetoldtheChristians;SaintJohn,JesusChrist.

    700.ItisglorioustoseewiththeeyesoffaiththehistoryofHerodandofCaesar.

    701.ThezealoftheJewsfortheirlawandtheirtemple(Josephus,andPhilotheJew,AdCaium).Whatotherpeoplehadsuchazeal?Itwasnecessarytheyshouldhaveit.

    JesusChristforetoldastothetimeandthestateoftheworld.Therulertakenfromthethigh,andthefourthmonarchy.Howluckywearetoseethislightamidstthisdarkness!

    Howfineitistosee,withtheeyesoffaith,DariusandCyrus,Alexander,theRomans,PompeyandHerodworking,withoutknowingit,forthegloryoftheGospel!

    702.ZealoftheJewishpeopleforthelaw,especiallyaftertherewerenomoreprophets.

    703.Whiletheprophetswereformaintainingthelaw,thepeoplewereindifferent.But,sincetherehavebeennomoreprophets,zealhassucceededthem.

    704.ThedeviltroubledthezealoftheJewsbeforeJesusChrist,becausehewouldhavebeentheirsalvation,butnotsince.

    TheJewishpeoplescornedbytheGentiles;theChristianpeoplepersecuted.

    705.Proof.¡XProphecieswiththeirfulfilment;whathasprecededandwhathasfollowedJesusChrist.

    706.ThepropheciesarethestrongestproofofJesusChrist.ItisforthemalsothatGodhasmademostprovision;fortheeventwhichhasfulfilledthemisamiracleexistingsincethebirthoftheChurchtotheend.SoGodhasraisedupprophetsduringsixteenhundredyears,and,duringfourhundredyearsafterwards,HehasscatteredallthesepropheciesamongalltheJews,whocarriedthemintoallpartsoftheworld.SuchwasthepreparationforthebirthofJesusChrist,and,asHisGospelwastobebelievedbyalltheworld,itwasnotonlynecessarythatthereshouldbepropheciestomakeitbelieved,butthatthesepropheciesshouldexistthroughoutthewholeworld,inordertomakeitembracedbythewholeworld.

    707.Butitwasnotenoughthatthepropheciesshouldexist.Itwasnecessarythattheyshouldbedistributedthroughoutallplacesandpreservedthroughoutalltimes.And,inorderthatthisagreementmightnotbetakenforaneffectofchance,itwasnecessarythatthisshouldbeforetold.

    ItisfarmoregloriousfortheMessiahthattheJewsshouldbethespecatorsandeventheinstrumentsofHisglory,besidesthatGodhadreservedthem.

    708.Prophecies.¡XThetimeforetoldbythestateoftheJewishpeople,bythestateoftheheathen,bythestateofthetemple,bythenumberofyears.

    709.Onemustbeboldtopredictthesamethinginsomanyways.Itwasnecessarythatthefouridolatrousorpaganmonarchies,theendofthekingdomofJudah,andtheseventyweeks,shouldhappenatthesametime,andallthisbeforethesecondtemplewasdestroyed.

    710.Prophecies.¡XIfonemanalonehadmadeabookofpredictionsaboutJesusChrist,astothetimeandthemanner,andJesusChristhadcomeinconformitytotheseprophecies,thisfactwouldhaveinfiniteweight.

    Butthereismuchmorehere.Hereisasuccessionofmenduringfourthousandyears,who,consequentlyandwithoutvariation,come,oneafteranother,toforetellthissameevent.Hereisawholepeoplewhoannounceitandwhohaveexistedforfourthousandyears,inordertogivecorporatetestimonyoftheassuranceswhichtheyhaveandfromwhichtheycannotbedivertedbywhateverthreatsandpersecutionspeoplemaymakeagainstthem.Thisisfarmoreimportant.

    711.Predictionsofparticularthings.¡XTheywerestrangersinEgypt,withoutanyprivateproperty,eitherinthatcountryorelsewhere.Therewasnottheleastappearance,eitheroftheroyaltywhichhadpreviouslyexistedsolong,orofthatsupremecouncilofseventyjudgeswhichtheycalledtheSanhedrinandwhich,havingbeeninstitutedbyMoses,lastedtothetimeofJesusChrist.Allthesethingswereasfarremovedfromtheirstateatthattimeastheycouldbe,whenJacob,dying,andblessinghistwelvechildren,declaredtothem,thattheywouldbeproprietorsofagreatland,andforetoldinparticulartothefamilyofJudah,thatthekings,whowouldonedayrulethem,shouldbeofhisrace;andthatallhisbrethrenshouldbetheirsubjects;andthateventheMessiah,whowastobetheexpectationofnations,shouldspringfromhim;andthatthekingshipshouldnotbetakenawayfromJudah,northerulerandlaw-giverofhisdescendants,tilltheexpectedMessiahshouldarriveinhisfamily.

    ThissameJacob,disposingofthisfuturelandasthoughhehadbeenitsruler,gaveaportiontoJosephmorethantotheothers."Igiveyou,"saidhe,"onepartmorethantoyourbrothers."Andblessinghistwochildren,EphraimandManasseh,whomJosephhadpresentedtohim,theelder,Manasseh,onhisright,andtheyoungEphraimonhisleft,heputhisarmscrosswise,andplacinghisrighthandontheheadofEphraim,andhisleftonManasseh,heblessedtheminthismanner.And,uponJoseph-srepresentingtohimthathewaspreferringtheyounger,herepliedtohimwithadmirableresolution:"Iknowitwell,myson;butEphraimwillincreasemorethanManasseh."Thishasbeenindeedsotrueintheresultthat,beingalonealmostasfruitfulasthetwoentirelineswhichcomposedawholekingdom,theyhavebeenusuallycalledbythenameofEphraimalone.

    ThissameJoseph,whendying,badehischildrencarryhisboneswiththemwhentheyshouldgointothatlandtowhichtheyonlycametwohundredyearsafterwards.

    Moses,whowroteallthesethingssolongbeforetheyhappened,himselfassignedtoeachfamilyportionsofthatlandbeforetheyenteredit,asthoughhehadbeenitsruler.InfacthedeclaredthatGodwastoraiseupfromtheirnationandtheirraceaprophet,ofwhomhewasthetype;andheforetoldthemexactlyallthatwastohappentotheminthelandwhichtheyweretoenterafterhisdeath,thevictorieswhichGodwouldgivethem,theiringratitudetowardsGod,thepunishmentswhichtheywouldreceiveforit,andtherestoftheiradventures.Hegavethemjudgeswhoshouldmakethedivision.Heprescribedtheentireformofpoliticalgovernmentwhichtheyshouldobserve,thecitiesofrefugewhichtheyshouldbuild,and

    712.ThepropheciesaboutparticularthingsaremingledwiththoseabouttheMessiah,sothatthepropheciesoftheMessiahshouldnotbewithoutproofs,northespecialprophecieswithoutfruit.

    713.PerpetualcaptivityoftheJews.¡XJer.11:11:"IwillbringeviluponJudahfromwhichtheyshallnotbeabletoescape."

    Types.¡XIs.5:"TheLordhadavineyard,fromwhichHelookedforgrapes;anditbroughtforthonlywildgrapes.Iwillthereforelayitwaste,anddestroyit;theearthshallonlybringforththorns,andIwillforbidthecloudsfromraininguponit.ThevineyardoftheLordisthehouseofIsrael,andthemenofJudahHispleasantplant.Ilookedthattheyshoulddojustice,andtheybringforthonlyiniquities."

    Is.8:"SanctifytheLordwithfearandtrembling;letHimbeyouronlydread,andHeshallbetoyouforasanctuary,butforastoneofstumblingandarockofoffencetoboththehousesofIsrael,foraginandforasnaretotheinhabitantsofJerusalem;andmanyamongthemshallstumbleagainstthatstone,andfall,andbebroken,andbesnared,andperish.Hidemywords,andcovermylawformydisciples.

    "IwillthenwaitinpatienceupontheLordthathidethandconcealethHimselffromthehouseofJacob."

    Is.29:"Beamazedandwonder,peopleofIsrael;staggerandstumble,andbedrunken,butnotwithwine;stagger,butnotwithstrongdrink.FortheLordhathpouredoutuponyouthespiritofdeepsleep.Hewillcloseyoureyes;Hewillcoveryourprincesandyourprophetsthathavevisions."(Danielxii:"Thewickedshallnotunderstand,butthewiseshallunderstand."Hosea,thelastchapter,thelastverse,aftermanytemporalblessings,says:"Whoiswise,andheshallunderstandthesethings?"etc.)"Andthevisionsofalltheprophetsarebecomeuntoyouasasealedbook,whichmendelivertoonethatislearned,andwhocanread;andhesaith,Icannotreadit,foritissealed.Andwhenthebookisdeliveredtothemthatarenotlearned,theysay,Iamnotlearned.

    "WhereforetheLordsaid,Forasmuchasthispeoplewiththeirlipsdohonourme,buthaveremovedtheirheartfarfromme,"¡Xthereisthereasonandthecauseofit;foriftheyadoredGodintheirhearts,theywouldunderstandtheprophecies,¡X"andtheirfeartowardsmeistaughtbythepreceptofman.Therefore,behold,Iwillproceedtodoamarvellousworkamongthispeople,evenamarvellousworkandawonder;forthewisdomoftheirwisemenshallperish,andtheirunderstandingshallbehid."

    Prophecies.ProofsofDivinity.¡XIs.41:"Shewthethingsthataretocomehereafter,thatwemayknowthatyearegods:wewillinclineourheartuntoyourwords.Teachusthethingsthathavebeenatthebeginning,anddeclareusthingsfortocome.

    "Bythisweshallknowthatyearegods.Yea,dogoodordoevil,ifyoucan.Letusthenbeholditandreasontogether.Behold,yeareofnothing,andonlyanabomination,etc.Who,"(amongcontemporarywriters),"hathdeclaredfromthebeginningthatwemayknowofthethingsdonefromthebeginningandorigin?thatwemaysay,Youarerighteous.Thereisnonethatteachethus,yea,thereisnonethatdeclareththefuture."

    Is.42:"IamtheLord,andmyglorywillInotgivetoanother.Ihaveforetoldthethingswhichhavecometopass,andthingsthataretocomedoIdeclare.SinguntoGodanewsonginalltheearth.

    "Bringforththeblindpeoplethathaveeyesandseenot,andthedeafthathaveearsandhearnot.Letallthenationsbegatheredtogether.Whoamongthemcandeclarethis,andshewusformerthings,andthingstocome?Letthembringforththeirwitnesses,thattheymaybejustified;orletthemhear,andsay,Itistruth.

    "Yearemywitnesses,saiththeLord,andmyservantwhomIhavechosen;thatyemayknowandbelieveme,andunderstandthatIamHe.

    "Ihavedeclared,andhavesaved,andIalonehavedonewondersbeforeyoureyes:yearemywitnesses,saidtheLord,thatIamGod.

    "ForyoursakeIhavebroughtdowntheforcesoftheBabylonians.IamtheLord,yourHolyOneandCreator.

    "Ihavemadeawayinthesea,andapathinthemightywaters.IamHethatdrownedanddestroyedforeverthemightyenemiesthathaveresistedyou.

    "Rememberyenottheformerthings,neitherconsiderthethingsofold.

    "Behold,Iwilldoanewthing;nowitshallspringforth;shallyenotknowit?Iwillevenmakeawayinthewilderness,andriversinthedesert.

    "ThispeoplehaveIformedformyself;Ihaveestablishedthemtoshewforthmypraise,etc.

    "I,evenI,amHethatblottethoutthytransgressionsformineownsake,andwillnotrememberthysins.Putinremembranceyouringratitude:seethou,ifthoumayestbejustified.Thyfirstfatherhathsinned,andthyteachershavetransgressedagainstme."

    Is.44.:"Iamthefirst,andIamthelast,saiththeLord.Lethimwhowillequalhimselftome,declaretheorderofthingssinceIappointedtheancientpeople,andthethingsthatarecoming.Fearyenot:haveInottoldyouallthesethings?Yearemywitnesses."

    ProphecyofCyrus.¡XIs.45:4:"ForJacob-ssake,mineelect,Ihavecalledtheebythyname."

    Is.45:21:"Comeandletusreasontogether.Whohathdeclaredthisfromancienttime?Whohathtolditfromthattime?HavenotI,theLord?"

    Is.46:"Remembertheformerthingsofold,andknowthereisnonelikeme,declaringtheendfromthebeginning,andfromancienttimesthethingsthatarenotyetdone,saying,Mycounselshallstand,andIwilldoallmypleasure."

    Is.42:"Behold,theformerthingsarecometopass,andnewthingsdoIdeclare;beforetheyspringforthItellyouofthem."

    Is.48:3:"Ihavedeclaredtheformerthingsfromthebeginning;Ididthemsuddenly;andtheycametopass.BecauseIknowthatthouartobstinate,thatthyspiritisrebellious,andthybrowbrass;Ihaveevendeclaredittotheebeforeitcametopass:lestthoushouldstsaythatitwastheworkofthygods,andtheeffectoftheircommands.

    "Thouhastseenallthis;andwillnotyedeclareit?Ihaveshewedtheenewthingsfromthistime,evenhiddenthings,andthoudidstnotknowthem.Theyarecreatednow,andnotfromthebeginning;Ihavekeptthemhiddenfromthee;lestthoushouldstsay,Behold,Iknewthem.

    "Yea,thouknewestnot;yea,thouheardestnot;yea,fromthattimethatthineearwasnotopened:forIknewthatthoucouldstdealverytreacherously,andwastcalledatransgressorfromthewomb."

    ReprobationoftheJewsandconversionoftheGentiles.¡XIs.65:"Iamsoughtofthemthataskednotforme;Iamfoundofthemthatsoughtmenot;Isaid,Beholdme,beholdme,beholdme,untoanationthatdidnotcalluponmyname.

    "Ihavespreadoutmyhandsallthedayuntoanunbelievingpeople,whichwalkethinawaythatwasnotgood,aftertheirownthoughts;apeoplethatprovokethmetoangercontinuallybythesinstheycommitinmyface;thatsacrificethtoidols,etc.

    "Theseshallbescatteredlikesmokeinthedayofmywrath,etc.

    "Youriniquities,andtheiniquitiesofyourfathers,willIassembletogether,andwillrecompenseyouforallaccordingtoyourworks.

    "ThussaiththeLord,Asthenewwineisfoundinthecluster,andonesaith,Destroyitnot,forablessingisinitandthepromiseoffruit:formyservants-sakeIwillnotdestroyallIsrael.

    "ThusIwillbringforthaseedoutofJacobandoutofJudah,aninheritorofmymountains,andmineelectandmyservantsshallinheritit,andmyfertileandabundantplains;butIwilldestroyallothers,becauseyouhaveforgottenyourGodtoservestrangegods.Icalled,andyedidnotanswer;Ispake,andyedidnothear;andyedidchoosethethingwhichIforbade.

    "ThereforethussaiththeLord,Behold,myservantsshalleat,butyeshallbehungry;myservantsshallrejoice,butyeshallbeashamed;myservantsshallsingforjoyofheart,butyeshallcryandhowlforvexationofspirit.

    "Andyeshallleaveyournameforacurseuntomychosen:fortheLordshallslaythee,andcallHisservantsbyanothername,thathewhoblessethhimselfintheearthshallblesshimselfinGod,etc.,becausetheformertroublesareforgotten.

    "For,behold,Icreatenewheavensandanewearth;andtheformerthingsshallnotberemembered,norcomeintomind.

    "ButbeyegladandrejoiceforeverinthatwhichIcreate;for,behold,IcreateJerusalemarejoicing,andherpeopleajoy.

    "AndIwillrejoiceinJerusalemandjoyinmypeople;andthevoiceofweepingshallnomorebeheardinher,northevoiceofcrying.

    "Beforetheycall,Iwillanswer;andwhiletheyareyetspeaking,Iwillhear.Thewolfandthelambshallfeedtogether,andthelionshalleatstrawlikethebullock;anddustshallbetheserpent-smeat.Theyshallnothurtnordestroyinallmyholymountain."

    Is.56:3:"ThussaiththeLord,Keepyejudgment,anddojustice:formysalvationisneartocome,andmyrighteousnesstoberevealed.

    "Blessedisthemanthatdoeththis,thatkeepeththeSabbath,andkeepethhishandfromdoinganyevil.

    "Neitherletthestrangersthathavejoinedthemselvestome,say,GodwillseparatemefromHispeople.ForthussaiththeLord:WhoeverwillkeepmySabbath,andchoosethethingsthatpleaseme,andtakeholdofmycovenant;evenuntothemwillIgiveinminehouseaplaceandanamebetterthanthatofsonsandofdaughters:Iwillgivethemaneverlastingname,thatshallnotbecutoff."

    Is.59:9:"Thereforeforouriniquitiesisjusticefarfromus:wewaitforlight,butbeholdobscurity;forbrightness,butwewalkindarkness.Wegropeforthewallliketheblind;westumbleatnoondayasinthenight:weareindesolateplacesasdeadmen.

    "Weroaralllikebears,andmournsorelikedoves;welookforjudgment,butthereisnone;forsalvation,butitisfarfromus."

    Is.66:18:"ButIknowtheirworksandtheirthoughts;itshallcomethatIwillgatherallnationsandtongues,andtheyshallseemyglory.

    "AndIwillsetasignamongthem,andIwillsendthosethatescapeofthemuntothenations,toAfrica,toLydia,toItaly,toGreece,andtothepeoplethathavenotheardmyfame,neitherhaveseenmyglory.Andtheyshallbringyourbrethren.

    Jer.7.ReprobationoftheTemple:"GoyeuntoShiloth,whereIsetmynameatthefirst,andseewhatIdidtoitforthewickednessofmypeople.Andnow,becauseyehavedonealltheseworks,saiththeLord,Iwilldountothishouse,whereinmynameiscalledupon,whereinyetrust,anduntotheplacewhichIgavetoyourpriests,asIhavedonetoShiloth."(ForIhaverejectedit,andmademyselfatempleelsewhere.)

    "AndIwillcastyououtofmysight,asIhavecastoutallyourbrethren,eventheseedofEphraim."(Rejectedforever.)"Thereforepraynotforthispeople."

    Jer.7:22:"Whatavailsityoutoaddsacrificetosacrifice?ForIspakenotuntoyourfathers,whenIbroughtthemoutofthelandofEgypt,concerningburntofferingsorsacrifices.ButthisthingcommandedIthem,saying,Obeyandbefaithfultomycommandments,andIwillbeyourGod,andyeshallbemypeople."(ItwasonlyaftertheyhadsacrificedtothegoldencalfthatIgavemyselfsacrificestoturnintogoodanevilcustom.)

    Jer.7:4:"Trustyenotinlyingwords,saying,ThetempleoftheLord,thetempleoftheLord,thetempleoftheLord,arethese."

    714.TheJewswitnessesforGod.Is.43:9;44:8.Propheciesfulfilled.¡XIKings13:2.IKings22:16.Joshua6:26.IKings16:34.Deut.23.

    Malachi1:11.ThesacrificeoftheJewsrejected,andthesacrificeoftheheathen,(evenoutofJerusalem,)andinallplaces.

    Moses,beforedying,foretoldthecallingoftheGentiles,Deut.32:21.andthereprobationoftheJews.

    Mosesforetoldwhatwouldhappentoeachtribe.

    Prophecy.¡X"Yournameshallbeacurseuntomineelect,andIwillgivethemanothername."

    "Maketheirheartfat,"andhow?byflatteringtheirlustandmakingthemhopetosatisfyit.

    715.Prophecy.¡XAmosandZechariah.Theyhavesoldthejustone,andthereforewillnotberecalled.JesusChristbetrayed.

    TheyshallnomorerememberEgypt.SeeIs.43:16,17,18,19.Jer.23:6,7.

    Prophecy.¡XTheJewsshallbescatteredabroad.Is.27:6.Anewlaw,Jerem.31:32.

    Malachi.Grotius.Thesecondtempleglorious.JesusChristwillcome.Haggai2:7,8,9,10.

    ThecallingoftheGentiles.Joel2:28.Hosea2:24.Deut.32:21.Malachi1:11.

    716.Hosea3.¡XIs.42.48.44.60.61.lastverse."IforetolditlongsincethattheymightknowthatitisI."JaddustoAlexander.

    717.Prophecies.¡XThepromisethatDavidwillalwayshavedescendants.Jer.13:13.

    718.TheeternalreignoftheraceofDavid,IIChron.,byalltheprophecies,andwithanoath.Anditwasnottemporallyfulfilled.Jer.23:20.

    719.Wemightperhapsthinkthat,whentheprophetsforetoldthatthesceptreshouldnotdepartfromJudahuntiltheeternalKingcame,theyspoketoflatterthepeopleandthattheirprophecywasprovedfalsebyHerod.Buttoshowthatthiswasnottheirmeaningandthat,onthecontrary,theyknewwellthatthistemporalkingdomshouldcease,theysaidthattheywouldbewithoutakingandwithoutaprince,andforalongtime.Hosea3:4.

    720.NonhabemusregemnisiCaesarem.ThereforeJesusChristwastheMessiah,sincetheyhadnolongeranykingbutastranger,andwouldhavenoother.

    721.WehavenokingbutCaesar.

    722.Daniel2:"Allthysoothsayersandwisemencannotshewuntotheethesecretwhichthouhastdemanded.ButthereisaGodinheavenwhocandoso,andthathathrevealedtotheeinthydreamwhatshallbeinthelatterdays."(Thisdreammusthavecausedhimmuchmisgiving.)

    "AnditisnotbymyownwisdomthatIhaveknowledgeofthissecret,butbytherevelationofthissameGod,thathathrevealedittome,tomakeitmanifestinthypresence.

    "Thydreamwasthenofthiskind.Thousawestagreatimage,highandterrible,whichstoodbeforethee.Hisheadwasofgold,hisbreastandarmsofsilver,hisbellyandhisthighsofbrass,hislegsofiron,hisfeetpartofironandpartofclay.Thusthousawesttillthatastonewascutoutwithouthands,whichsmotetheimageuponhisfeet,thatwereofironandofclay,andbrakethemtopieces.

    "Thenwastheiron,theclay,thebrass,thesilver,andthegoldbrokentopiecestogether,andthewindcarriedthemaway;butthisstonethatsmotetheimagebecameagreatmountain,andfilledthewholeearth.Thisisthedream,andnowIwillgivetheetheinterpretationthereof.

    "Thouwhoartthegreatestofkings,andtowhomGodhathgivenapowersovastthatthouartrenownedamongallpeoples,arttheheadofgoldwhichthouhastseen.Butaftertheeshallariseanotherkingdominferiortothee,andanotherthirdkingdomofbrass,whichshallbearruleoveralltheearth.

    "Butthefourthkingdomshallbestrongasiron,andevenasironbreakethinpiecesandsubduethallthings,soshallthisempirebreakinpiecesandbruiseall.

    "Andwhereasthousawestthefeetandtoes,partofclayandpartofiron,thekingdomshallbedivided;butthereshallbeinitofthestrengthofironandoftheweaknessofclay.

    "Butasironcannotbefirmlymixedwithclay,sotheywhoarerepresentedbytheironandbytheclay,shallnotcleaveonetoanotherthoughunitedbymarriage.

    "NowinthedaysofthesekingsshallGodsetupakingdom,whichshallneverbedestroyed,noreverbedelivereduptootherpeople.Itshallbreakinpiecesandconsumeallthesekingdoms,anditshallstandforever,accordingasthousawestthatthestonewascutoutofthemountainwithouthands,andthatitfellfromthemountain,andbrakeinpiecestheiron,theclay,thesilver,andthegold.Godhathmadeknowntotheewhatshallcometopasshereafter.Thisdreamiscertain,andtheinterpretationthereofsure.

    "ThenNebuchadnezzarfelluponhisfacetowardstheearth,"etc.

    Daniel8:8."Danielhavingseenthecombatoftheramandofthehe-goat,whovanquishedhimandruledovertheearth,whereoftheprincipalhornbeingbrokenfourotherscameuptowardthefourwindsofheaven,andoutofoneofthemcameforthalittlehorn,whichwaxedexceedinglygreattowardthesouth,andtowardtheeast,andtowardthelandofIsrael,anditwaxedgreateventothehostofheaven;anditcastdownsomeofthestars,andstampeduponthem,andatlastoverthrewtheprince,andbyhimthedailysacrificewastakenaway,andtheplaceofhissanctuarywascastdown.

    "ThisiswhatDanielsaw.Hesoughtthemeaningofit,andavoicecriedinthismanner,-Gabriel,makethismantounderstandthevision-AndGabrielsaid:

    "TheramwhichthousawestisthekingoftheMedesandPersians,andthehe-goatisthekingofGreece,andthegreathornthatisbetweenhiseyesisthefirstkingofthismonarchy.

    "Nowthatbeingbroken,whereasfourstoodupforit,fourkingdomsshallstandupoutofthenation,butnotinhispower.

    "Andinthelattertimeoftheirkingdom,wheniniquitiesarecometothefull,thereshallariseaking,insolentandstrong,butnotbyhisownpower,towhomallthingsshallsucceedafterhisownwill;andheshalldestroytheholypeople,andthroughhispolicyalsoheshallcausecrafttoprosperinhishand,andheshalldestroymany.HeshallalsostandupagainstthePrinceofprinces,butheshallperishmiserably,andneverthelessbyaviolenthand."

    Daniel9:20."WhilstIwasprayingwithallmyheart,andconfessingmysinandthesinofallmypeople,andprostratingmyselfbeforemyGod,evenGabriel,whomIhadseeninthevisionatthebeginning,cametomeandtouchedmeaboutthetimeoftheeveningoblation,andheinformedmeandsaid,ODaniel,Iamnowcomeforthtogivetheetheknowledgeofthings.AtthebeginningofthysupplicationsIcametoshewthatwhichthoudidstdesire,forthouaregreatlybeloved:thereforeunderstandthematter,andconsiderthevision.Seventyweeksaredetermineduponthypeople,anduponthyholycity,tofinishthetransgression,andtomakeanendofsins,andtoabolishiniquity,andtobringineverlastingrighteousness;toaccomplishthevisionandtheprophecies,andtoanointtheMostHoly.(Afterwhichthispeopleshallbenomorethypeople,northiscitytheholycity.Thetimesofwrathshallbepassed,andtheyearsofgraceshallcomeforever.)

    "Knowtherefore,andunderstand,that,fromthegoingforthofthecommandmenttorestoreandtobuildJerusalemuntotheMessiahthePrince,shallbesevenweeks,andthreescoreandtwoweeks."(TheHebrewswereaccustomedtodividenumbers,andtoplacethesmallfirst.Thus,7and62make69.Ofthis70therewillthenremainthe70th,thatistosay,the7lastyearsofwhichhewillspeaknext.)

    "Thestreetshallbebuiltagain,andthewall,evenintroubloustimes.Andafterthreescoreandtwoweeks,"(whichhavefollowedthefirstseven.Christwillthenbekilledafterthesixty-nineweeks,thatistosay,inthelastweek),"theChristshallbecutoff,andapeopleoftheprincethatshallcomeshalldestroythecityandthesanctuary,andoverwhelmall,andtheendofthatwarshallaccomplishthedesolation."

    "Nowoneweek,"(whichistheseventieth,whichremains),"shallconfirmthecovenantwithmany,andinthemidstoftheweek,"(thatistosay,thelastthreeandahalfyears),"heshallcausethesacrificeandtheoblationtocease,andfortheoverspreadingofabominationsheshallmakeitdesolate,evenuntiltheconsummation,andthatdeterminedshallbepoureduponthedesolate."

    Daniel11."TheangelsaidtoDaniel:Thereshallstandupyet,"(afterCyrus,underwhomthisstillis),"threekingsinPersia,"(Cambyses,Smerdis,Darius);andthefourthwhoshallthencome,"(Xerxes)"shallbefarricherthantheyall,andfarstronger,andshallstirupallhispeopleagainsttheGreeks.

    "Butamightykingshallstandup,"(Alexander),"thatshallrulewithgreatdominion,anddoaccordingtohiswill.Andwhenheshallstandup,hiskingdomshallbebroken,andshallbedividedinfourpartstowardthefourwindsofheaven,"(ashehadsaidabove,7:6;8:8),"butnothisposterity;andhissuccessorsshallnotequalhispower,forhiskingdomshallbepluckedup,evenforothersbesidesthese,"(hisfourchiefsuccessors).

    "Andthekingofthesouth,"(Ptolemy,sonofLagos,Egypt),"shallbestrong;butoneofhisprincesshallbestrongabovehim,andhisdominionshallbeagreatdominion,"(Seleucus,KingofSyria.AppiansaysthathewasthemostpowerfulofAlexander-ssuccessors).

    "Andintheendofyearstheyshalljointhemselvestogether,andtheking-sdaughterofthesouth,"(Berenice,daughterofPtolemyPhiladelphus,sonoftheotherPtolemy),"shallcometothekingofthenorth,"(toAntiochusDeus,KingofSyriaandofAsia,sonofSeleucusLagidas),"tomakepeacebetweentheseprinces.

    "Butneithershenorherseedshallhavealongauthority;forsheandtheythatbroughther,andherchildren,andherfriends,shallbedeliveredtodeath."(BereniceandhersonwerekilledbySeleucusCallinicus.)

    "Butoutofabranchofherrootsshallonestandup,"(PtolemyEuergeteswastheissueofthesamefatherasBerenice),"whichshallcomewithamightyarmyintothelandofthekingofthenorth,whereheshallputallundersubjection,andheshallalsocarrycaptiveintoEgypttheirgods,theirprinces,theirgold,theirsilver,andalltheirpreciousspoils,"(ifhehadnotbeencalledintoEgyptbydomesticreasons,saysJustin,hewouldhaveentirelystrippedSeleucus);"andheshallcontinueseveralyearswhenthekingofthenorthcandonoughtagainsthim.

    "Andsoheshallreturnintohiskingdom.Buthissonsshallbestirredup,andshallassembleamultitudeofgreatforces,"(SeleucusCeraunus,AntiochustheGreat)."Andtheirarmyshallcomeandoverthrowall;whereforethekingofthesouthshallbemovedwithcholer,andshallalsoformagreatarmy,andfighthim,"(PtolemyPhilopatoragainstAntiochustheGreatatRaphia),"andconquer;andhistroopsshallbecomeinsolent,andhisheartshallbeliftedup,"(thisPtolemydesecratedthetemple;Josephus):"heshallcastdownmanytenthousands,butheshallnotbestrengthenedbyit.Forthekingofthenorth,"(AntiochustheGreat),"shallreturnwithagreatermultitudethanbefore,andinthosetimesalsoagreatnumberofenemiesshallstandupagainstthekingofthesouth,"(duringthereignoftheyoungPtolemyEpiphanes);"alsotheapostatesandrobbersofthypeopleshallexaltthemselvestoestablishthevision;buttheyshallfall."(ThosewhoabandontheirreligiontopleaseEuergetes,whenhewillsendhistroopstoScopas;forAntiochuswillagaintakeScopas,andconquerthem.)"Andthekingofthenorthshalldestroythefencedcities,andthearmsofthesouthshallnotwithstand,andallshallyieldtohiswill;heshallstandinthelandofIsrael,anditshallyieldtohim.AndthusheshallthinktomakehimselfmasterofalltheempireofEgypt,(despisingtheyouthofEpiphanes,saysJustin)."Andforthatheshallmakealliancewithhim,andgivehisdaughter"(Cleopatra,inorderthatshemaybetrayherhusband.OnwhichAppiansaysthat,doubtinghisabilitytomakehimselfmasterofEgyptbyforce,becauseoftheprotectionoftheRomans,hewishedtoattemptitbycunning)."Heshallwishtocorrupther,butsheshallnotstandonhisside,neitherbeforhim.Thenheshallturnhisfacetootherdesigns,andshallthinktomakehimselfmasterofsomeisles,(thatistosay,seaports),"andshalltakemany,"(asAppiansays).

    "Butaprinceshalloppose,hisconquests,"(ScipioAfricanus,whostoppedtheprogressofAntiochustheGreat,becauseheoffendedtheRomansinthepersonoftheirallies),"andshallcausethereproachofferedbyhimtocease.Heshallthenreturnintohiskingdomandthereperish,andbenomore."(Hewasslainbyhissoldiers.)

    "Andhewhoshallstandupinhisestate,"(SeleucusPhilopatororSoter,thesonofAntiochustheGreat),"shallbeatyrant,araiseroftaxesinthegloryofthekingdom,"(whichmeansthepeople),"butwithinafewdaysheshallbedestroyed,neitherinangernorinbattle.Andinhisplaceshallstandupavileperson,unworthyofthehonourofthekingdom,butheshallcomeincleverlybyflatteries.Allarmiesshallbendbeforehim;heshallconquerthem,andeventheprincewithwhomhehasmadeacovenant.Forhavingrenewedtheleaguewithhim,heshallworkdeceitfully,andenterwithasmallpeopleintohisprovince,peaceablyandwithoutfear.Heshalltakethefattestplaces,andshalldothatwhichhisfathershavenotdone,andravageonallsides.Heshallforecastgreatdevicesduringhistime."

    723.Prophecies.¡XTheseventyweeksofDanielareambiguousasregardsthetermofcommencement,becauseofthetermsoftheprophecy;andasregardsthetermofconclusion,becauseofthedifferencesamongchronologists.Butallthisdifferenceextendsonlytotwohundredyears.

    724.Predictions.¡XThatinthefourthmonarchy,beforethedestructionofthesecondtemple,beforethedominionoftheJewswastakenaway,intheseventiethweekofDaniel,duringthecontinuanceofthesecondtemple,theheathenshouldbeinstructed,andbroughttotheknowledgeoftheGodworshippedbytheJews;thatthosewholovedHimshouldbedeliveredfromtheirenemies,andfilledwithHisfearandlove.

    Andithappenedthatinthefourthmonarchy,beforethedestructionofthesecondtemple,etc.,theheatheningreatnumberworshippedGod,andledanangeliclife.MaidensdedicatedtheirvirginityandtheirlifetoGod.Menrenouncedtheirpleasures.WhatPlatocouldonlymakeacceptabletoafewmen,speciallychosenandinstructed,asecretinfluenceimpartedbythepowerofafewwords,toahundredmillionignorantmen.

    Therichlefttheirwealth.Childrenleftthedaintyhomesoftheirparentstogointotheroughdesert.(SeePhilotheJew.)Allthiswasforetoldagreatwhileago.FortwothousandyearsnoheathenhadworshippedtheGodoftheJews;andatthetimeforetold,agreatnumberoftheheathenworshippedthisonlyGod.Thetemplesweredestroyed.Theverykingsmadesubmissiontothecross.AllthiswasduetotheSpiritofGod,whichwasspreadabroadupontheearth.

    Noheathen,sinceMosesuntilJesusChrist,believedaccordingtotheveryRabbis.Agreatnumberoftheheathen,afterJesusChrist,believedinthebooksofMoses,kepttheminsubstanceandspirit,andonlyrejectedwhatwasuseless.

    725.Prophecies.¡XTheconversionoftheEgyptians(Isaiah19:19);analtarinEgypttothetrueGod.

    726.Prophecies.¡XInEgypt.PugioFidei,p.659.Talmud."Itisatraditionamongus,that,whentheMessiahshallcome,thehouseofGod,destinedforthedispensationofHisWord,shallbefulloffilthandimpurity;andthatthewisdomofthescribesshallbecorruptandrotten.Thosewhoshallbeafraidtosin,shallberejectedbythepeople,andtreatedassenselessfools."

    Is.xlix:"Listen,Oisles,untome,andhearken,yepeople,fromafar:TheLordhathcalledmebymynamefromthewombofmymother;intheshadowofHishandhathHehidme,andhathmademywordslikeasharpsword,andsaiduntome,ThouartmyservantinwhomIwillbeglorified.ThenIsaid,Lord,haveIlabouredinvain?haveIspentmystrengthfornought?yetsurelymyjudgmentiswithThee,OLord,andmyworkwithThee.Andnow,saiththeLord,thatformedmefromthewombtobeHisservant,tobringJacobandIsraelagaintoHim,Thoushaltbegloriousinmysight,andIwillbethystrength.ItisalightthingthatthoushouldstconvertthetribesofJacob;IhaveraisedtheeupforalighttotheGentiles,thatthoumayestbemysalvationuntotheendsoftheearth.ThussaiththeLordtohimwhommandespiseth,tohimwhomthenationabhorreth,toaservantofrulers,Princesandkingsshallworshipthee,becausetheLordisfaithfulthathathchosenthee.

    "AgainsaiththeLorduntome,Ihaveheardtheeinthedaysofsalvationandofmercy,andIwillpreservetheeforacovenantofthepeople,tocausetoinheritthedesolatenations,thatthoumayestsaytotheprisoners:Goforth;tothemthatareindarknessshowyourselves,andpossesstheseabundantandfertilelands.Theyshallnothungernorthirst,neithershalltheheatnorsunsmitethem;forhethathathmercyuponthemshallleadthem,evenbythespringsofwatersshallheguidethem,andmakethemountainsawaybeforethem.Behold,thepeoplesshallcomefromallparts,fromtheeastandfromthewest,fromthenorthandfromthesouth.LettheheavensgiveglorytoGod;lettheearthbejoyful;forithathpleasedtheLordtocomfortHispeople,andHewillhavemercyuponthepoorwhohopeinHim.

    "YetZiondaredtosay:TheLordhathforsakenme,andhathforgottenme.Canawomanforgetherchild,thatsheshouldnothavecompassiononthesonofherwomb?butifsheforget,yetwillnotIforgetthee,OSion.Iwillbeartheealwaysbetweenmyhands,andthywallsarecontinuallybeforeme.Theythatshallbuildtheearecome,andthydestroyersshallgoforthofthee.Liftupthineeyesroundabout,andbehold;allthesegatherthemselvestogether,andcometothee.AsIlive,saiththeLord,thoushaltsurelyclothetheewiththemall,aswithanornament.Thywasteandthydesolateplaces,andthelandofthydestructionshallevennowbetoonarrowbyreasonoftheinhabitants,andthechildrenthoushalthaveafterthybarrennessshallsayagaininthyears:Theplaceistoostraitforme:giveplacetomethatImaydwell.Thenshaltthousayinthyheart:Whohathbegottenmethese,seeingIhavelostmychildren,andamdesolate,acaptive,andremovingtoandfro?andwhobroughtupthese?Behold,Iwasleftalone;these,wherehadtheybeen?AndtheLordshallsaytothee:Behold,IwillliftupminehandtotheGentiles,andsetupmystandardtothepeople;andtheyshallbringthysonsintheirarmsandintheirbosoms.Andkingsshallbetheirnursingfathers,andqueenstheirnursingmothers;theyshallbowdowntotheewiththeirfacetowardtheearth,andlickupthedustofthyfeet;andthoushaltknowthatIamtheLord;fortheyshallnotbeashamedthatwaitforme.Shallthepreybetakenfromthemighty?Butevenifthecaptivesbetakenawayfromthestrong,nothingshallhindermefromsavingthychildren,andfromdestroyingthyenemies;andallfleshshallknowthatIamtheLord,thySaviourandthyRedeemer,themightyOneofJacob.

    "ThussaiththeLord:Whatisthebillofthisdivorcement,wherewithIhaveputawaythesynagogue?andwhyhaveIdelivereditintothehandofyourenemies?IsitnotforyouriniquitiesandforyourtransgressionsthatIhaveputitaway?

    "ForIcame,andnomanreceivedme;Icalledandtherewasnonetohear.Ismyarmshortened,thatIcannotredeem?

    "ThereforeIwillshowthetokensofmineanger;Iwillclothetheheavenswithdarkness,andmakesackcloththeircovering.

    "TheLordhathgivenmethetongueofthelearnedthatIshouldknowhowtospeakawordinseasontohimthatisweary.Hehathopenedmineear,andIhavelistenedtoHimasamaster.

    "TheLordhathrevealedHiswill,andIwasnotrebellious.

    "Igavemybodytothesmiters,andmycheekstooutrage;Ihidnotmyfacefromshameandspitting.ButtheLordhathhelpedme;thereforeIhavenotbeenconfounded.

    "Heisnearthatjustifiethme;whowillcontendwithme?whowillbemineadversary,andaccusemeofsin,Godhimselfbeingmyprotector?

    "Allmenshallpassaway,andbeconsumedbytime;letthosethatfearGodhearkentothevoiceofHisservant;lethimthatlanguishethindarknessputhistrustintheLord.Butasforyou,yedobutkindlethewrathofGoduponyou;yewalkinthelightofyourfireandinthesparksthatyehavekindled.Thisshallyehaveofminehand;yeshallliedowninsorrow.

    "Hearkentome,yethatfollowafterrighteousness,yethatseektheLord:lookuntotherockwhenceyearehewn,andtotheholeofthepitwhenceyearedigged.LookuntoAbraham,yourfather,anduntoSarahthatbareyou:forIcalledhimalone,whenchildless,andincreasedhim.Behold,IhavecomfortedZion,andheapeduponherblessingsandconsolations.

    "Hearkenuntome,mypeople,andgiveearuntome;foralawshallproceedfromme,andIwillmakemyjudgmenttorestforalightoftheGentiles."

    Amosviii.Theprophet,havingenumeratedthesinsofIsrael,saidthatGodhadsworntotakevengeanceonthem.

    Hesaysthis:"Anditshallcometopassinthatday,saiththeLord,thatIwillcausethesuntogodownatnoon,andIwilldarkentheearthintheclearday;andIwillturnyourfeastsintomourning,andallyoursongsintolamentation.

    "Youallshallhavesorrowandsuffering,andIwillmakethisnationmournasforanonlyson,andtheendthereforeasabitterday.Behold,thedayscome,saiththeLord,thatIwillsendafamineintheland,notafamineofbread,norathirstforwater,butofhearingthewordsoftheLord.Andtheyshallwanderfromseatosea,andfromthenortheventotheeast;theyshallruntoandfrotoseekthewordoftheLord,andshallnotfindit.

    "Inthatdayshallthefairvirginsandyoungmenfaintforthirst.TheythathavefollowedtheidolsofSamaria,andswornbythegodofDan,andfollowedthemannerofBeersheba,shallfall,andneverriseupagain."

    Amos3:2:"YeonlyhaveIknownofallthefamiliesoftheearthformypeople."

    Daniel12:7.HavingdescribedalltheextentofthereignoftheMessiah,hesays:"Allthesethingsshallbefinished,whenthescatteringofthepeopleofIsraelshallbeaccomplished."

    Haggai2:4:"Yewho,comparingthissecondhousewiththegloryofthefirst,despiseit,bestrong,saiththeLord,bestrong,OZerubbabel,andOJesus,thehighpriest,bestrong,allyepeopleoftheland,andwork.ForIamwithyou,saiththeLordofhosts;accordingtothewordthatIcovenantedwithyouwhenyecameoutofEgypt,somyspiritremainethamongyou.Fearyenot.ForthussaiththeLordofhosts:Yetonelittlewhile,andIwillshaketheheavens,andtheearth,andthesea,andthedryland,"(awayofspeakingtoindicateagreatandanextraordinarychange);"andIwillshakeallnations,andthedesireofalltheGentilesshallcome;andIwillfillthishousewithglory,saiththeLord.

    "Thesilverismine,andthegoldismine,saiththeLord,"(thatistosay,itisnotbythatthatIwishtobehonoured;asitissaidelsewhere:Allthebeastsofthefieldaremine,whatadvantagesmethattheyareofferedmeinsacrifice?)."Thegloryofthislatterhouseshallbegreaterthanoftheformer,saiththeLordofhosts;andinthisplacewillIestablishmyhouse,saiththeLord.

    "AccordingtoallthatthoudesiredstinHorebinthedayoftheassembly,saying,LetusnothearagainthevoiceoftheLord,neitherletusseethisfireanymore,thatwedienot.AndtheLordsaiduntome,Theirprayerisjust.Iwillraisethemupaprophetfromamongtheirbrethren,likeuntothee,andwillputmywordsinhismouth;andheshallspeakuntothemallthatIshallcommandhim.Anditshallcometopass,thatwhosoeverwillnothearkenuntomywordswhichhewillspeakinmyname,Iwillrequireitofhim.

    Genesis49:"Judah,thouarthewhomthybrethrenshallpraise,andthoushaltconquerthineenemies;thyfather-schildrenshallbowdownbeforethee.Judahisalion-swhelp:fromtheprey,myson,thouartgoneup,andartcouchedasalion,andasalionessthatshallberousedup.

    "ThesceptreshallnotdepartfromJudah,noralawgiverfrombetweenhisfeet,untilShilohcome;anduntohimshallthegatheringofthepeoplebe."

    727.DuringthelifeoftheMessiah.Aenigmatis.Ezek.l7.

    Hisforerunner.Malachi3.

    Hewillbebornaninfant.Is.9.

    HewillbeborninthevillageofBethlehem.Micah5.HewillappearchieflyinJerusalemandwillbeadescendantofthefamilyofJudahandofDavid.

    Heistoblindthelearnedandthewise,Is.6,8,29.etc.;andtopreachtheGospeltothelowly,Is.29;toopentheeyesoftheblind,givehealthtothesick,andbringlighttothosethatlanguishindarkness.Is.61.

    Heistoshowtheperfectway,andbetheteacheroftheGentiles.Is.55;43:1-7.

    Thepropheciesaretobeunintelligibletothewicked,Dan.12;Hosea14:10;buttheyaretobeintelligibletothosewhoarewellinformed.

    Theprophecies,whichrepresentHimaspoor,representHimasmasterofthenations.Is.52:14,etc.;53;Zech.9:9.

    Theprophecies,whichforetellthetime,foretellHimonlyasmasterofthenationsandsuffering,andnotasinthecloudsnorasjudge.Andthose,whichrepresentHimthusasjudgeandinglory,donotmentionthetime.WhentheMessiahisspokenofasgreatandglorious,itisasthejudgeoftheworld,andnotitsRedeemer.

    Heistobethevictimforthesinsoftheworld.Is.39:53.etc.

    Heistobethepreciouscorner-stone.Is.28:16.

    Heistobeastoneofstumblingandoffence.Is.viii.Jerusalemistodashagainstthisstone.

    Thebuildersaretorejectthisstone.Ps.117:22.

    Godistomakethisstonethechiefcorner-stone.

    Andthisstoneistogrowintoahugemountainandfillthewholeearth.Dan.2.

    SoHeistoberejected,despised,betrayed(Ps.108:8),sold(Zech.11:12),spitupon,buffeted,mocked,afflictedininnumerableways,givengalltodrink(Ps.68),pierced(Zech.12),HisfeetandHishandspierced,slain,andlotscastforHisraiment.

    Hewillriseagain(Ps.15)thethirdday(Hosea6:3).

    Hewillascendtoheaventositontherighthand.Ps.110.

    ThekingswillarmthemselvesagainstHim.Ps.2.

    BeingontherighthandoftheFather,HewillbevictoriousoverHisenemies.

    ThekingsoftheearthandallnationswillworshipHim.Is.lx.

    TheJewswillcontinueasanation.Jeremiah.

    Theywillwander,withoutkings,etc.(Hosea3),withoutprophets(Amos),lookingforsalvationandfindingitnot(Isaiah).

    CallingoftheGentilesbyJesusChrist.Is.52:15;55:5;60,etc.Ps.81.

    Hosea1:9:"Yearenotmypeople,andIwillnotbeyourGod,whenyearemultipliedafterthedispersion.Intheplaceswhereitwassaid,Yearenotmypeople,Iwillcallthemmypeople."

    728.ItwasnotlawfultosacrificeoutsideofJerusalem,whichwastheplacethattheLordhadchosen,noreventoeatthetitheselsewhere.Deut.12:5,etc.;Deut.14:23,etc.;15:20;16:2,7,11,15.

    Hoseaforetoldthattheyshouldbewithoutaking,withoutaprince,withoutasacrifice,andwithoutanidol;andthisprophecyisnowfulfilled,astheycannotmakealawfulsacrificeoutofJerusalem.

    729.Predictions.¡XItwasforetoldthat,inthetimeoftheMessiah,Heshouldcometoestablishanewcovenant,whichshouldmakethemforgettheescapefromEgypt(Jer.23:5;Is.43:10);thatHeshouldplaceHislawnotinexternals,butintheheart;thatHeshouldputHisfear,whichhadonlybeenfromwithout,inthemidstoftheheart.WhodoesnotseetheChristianlawinallthis?

    730Thatthenidolatrywouldbeoverthrown;thatthisMessiahwouldcastdownallidolsandbringmenintotheworshipofthetrueGod.

    Thatthetemplesoftheidolswouldbecastdown,andthatamongallnationsandinallplacesoftheearth.Hewouldbeofferedapuresacrifice,notofbeasts.

    ThatHewouldbekingoftheJewsandGentiles.AndweseethiskingoftheJewsandGentilesoppressedbyboth,whoconspireHisdeath;andrulerofboth,destroyingtheworshipofMosesinJerusalem,whichwasitscentre,whereHemadeHisfirstChurch;andalsotheworshipofidolsinRome,thecentreofit,whereHemadeHischiefChurch.

    731.Prophecies.¡XThatJesusChristwillsitontherighthand,tillGodhassubduedHisenemies.

    ThereforeHewillnotsubduethemHimself.

    732."Thentheyshallteachnomoreeverymanhisneighbour,saying,HereistheLord,forGodshallmakeHimselfknowntoall."

    "Yoursonsshallprophesy.""Iwillputmyspiritandmyfearinyourheart."

    Allthatisthesamething.ToprophesyistospeakofGod,notfromoutwardproofs,butfromaninwardandimmediatefeeling.

    733.ThatHewouldteachmentheperfectway.

    Andtherehasnevercome,beforeHimnorafterHim,anymanwhohastaughtanythingdivineapproachingtothis.

    734ThatJesusChristwouldbesmallinHisbeginning,andwouldthenincrease.ThelittlestoneofDaniel.

    IfIhadinnowiseheardoftheMessiah,nevertheless,aftersuchwonderfulpredictionsofthecourseoftheworldwhichIseefulfilled,IseethatHeisdivine.And,ifIknewthatthesesamebooksforetoldaMessiah,IshouldbesurethatHewouldcome;andseeingthattheyplaceHistimebeforethedestructionofthesecondtemple,IshouldsaythatHehadcome.

    735.Prophecies.¡XThattheJewswouldrejectJesusChrist,andwouldberejectedofGod,forthisreason,thatthechosenvinebroughtforthonlywildgrapes.Thatthechosenpeoplewouldbefruitless,ungrateful,andunbelieving,populumnoncredentemetcontradicentem.ThatGodwouldstrikethemwithblindness,andinfullnoontheywouldgropeliketheblind;andthataforerunnerwouldgobeforeHim.

    736.Transfixerunt.Zech.12:10.

    Thatadeliverershouldcome,whowouldcrushthedemon-shead,andfreeHispeoplefromtheirsins,exomnibusiniquitatibus;thatthereshouldbeaNewCovenant,whichwouldbeeternal;thatthereshouldbeanotherpriesthoodaftertheorderofMelchisedek,anditshouldbeeternal;thattheChristshouldbeglorious,mighty,strong,andyetsopoorthatHewouldnotberecognised,nortakenforwhatHeis,butrejectedandslain;thatHispeoplewhodeniedHimshouldnolongerbeHispeople;thattheidolatersshouldreceiveHim,andtakerefugeinHim;thatHeshouldleaveZiontoreigninthecentreofidolatry;thatneverthelesstheJewsshouldcontinueforever;thatHeshouldbeofJudah,andwhenthereshouldbenolongeraking.

    SECTIONXII:PROOFSOFJESUSCHRIST

    737.ThereforeIrejectallotherreligions.InthatwayIfindananswertoallobjections.ItisrightthataGodsopureshouldonlyrevealHimselftothosewhoseheartsarepurified.Hencethisreligionislovabletome,andIfinditnowsufficientlyjustifiedbysodivineamorality.ButIfindmoreinit.

    Ifinditconvincingthat,sincethememoryofmanhaslasted,itwasconstantlyannouncedtomenthattheywereuniversallycorrupt,butthataRedeemershouldcome;thatitisnotonemanwhosaidit,butinnumerablemen,andawholenationexpresslymadeforthepurposeandprophesyingforfourthousandyears.Thisisanationwhichismoreancientthaneveryothernation.Theirbooks,scatteredabroad,arefourthousandyearsold.

    ThemoreIexaminethem,themoretruthsIfindinthem:anentirenationforetellHimbeforeHisadvent,andanentirenationworshipHimafterHisadvent;whathasprecededandwhathasfollowed;inshort,peoplewithoutidolsandkings,thissynagoguewhichwasforetold,andthesewretcheswhofrequentitandwho,beingourenemies,areadmirablewitnessesofthetruthoftheseprophecies,whereintheirwretchednessandeventheirblindnessareforetold.

    Ifindthissuccession,thisreligion,whollydivineinitsauthority,initsduration,initsperpetuity,initsmorality,initsconduct,initsdoctrine,initseffects.ThefrightfuldarknessoftheJewswasforetold.Erispalpansinmeridie.Dabiturliberscientiliterasetdicet:Nonpossumlegere.Whilethesceptrewasstillinthehandsofthefirstforeignusurper,thereisthereportofthecomingofJesusChrist.

    SoIholdoutmyarmstomyRedeemer,who,havingbeenforetoldforfourthousandyears,hascometosufferandtodieformeonearth,atthetimeandunderallthecircumstancesforetold.ByHisgrace,Iawaitdeathinpeace,inthehopeofbeingeternallyunitedtoHim.YetIlivewithjoy,whetherintheprosperitywhichitpleasesHimtobestowuponme,orintheadversitywhichHesendsformygood,andwhichHehastaughtmetobearbyHisexample.

    738.TheprophecieshavinggivendifferentsignswhichshouldallhappenattheadventoftheMessiah,itwasnecessarythatallthesesignsshouldoccuratthesametime.Soitwasnecessarythatthefourthmonarchyshouldhavecome,whentheseventyweeksofDanielwereended;andthatthesceptreshouldhavethendepartedfromJudah.Andallthishappenedwithoutanydifficulty.ThenitwasnecessarythattheMessiahshouldcome;andJesusChristthencame,whowascalledtheMessiah.Andallthisagainwaswithoutdifficulty.Thisindeedshowsthetruthoftheprophecies.

    739.Theprophetsforetold,andwerenotforetold.Thesaintsagainwereforetold,butdidnotforetell.JesusChristbothforetoldandwasforetold.

    740.JesusChrist,whomthetwoTestamentsregard,theOldasitshope,theNewasitsmodel,andbothastheircentre.

    741.ThetwooldestbooksintheworldarethoseofMosesandJob,theoneaJewandtheotheraGentile.BothofthemlookuponJesusChristastheircommoncentreandobject:MosesinrelatingthepromisesofGodtoAbraham,Jacob,etc.,andhisprophecies;andJob,Quismihidetut,etc.Scioenimquodredemptormeusvivit,etc.

    742.TheGospelonlyspeaksofthevirginityoftheVirginuptothetimeofthebirthofJesusChrist.AllwithreferencetoJesusChrist.

    743.ProofsOfJesusChrist.

    WhywasthebookofRuthpreserved?

    WhythestoryofTamar?

    744."Praythatyeenternotintotemptation."Itisdangeroustobetempted;andpeoplearetemptedbecausetheydonotpray.

    Ettuconversusconfirmafratrestuos.Butbefore,conversusJesusrespexitPetrum.

    SaintPeteraskspermissiontostrikeMalchusandstrikesbeforehearingtheanswer.JesusChristrepliesafterwards.

    Theword,Galilee,whichthemobpronouncedasifbychance,inaccusingJesusChristbeforePilate,affordedPilateareasonforsendingJesusChristtoHerod.Andtherebythemysterywasaccomplished,thatHeshouldbejudgedbyJewsandGentiles.Chancewasapparentlythecauseoftheaccomplishmentofthemystery.

    745.ThosewhohaveadifficultyinbelievingseekareasoninthefactthattheJewsdonotbelieve."Werethissoclear,"saythey,"whydidtheJewsnotbelieve"?Andtheyalmostwishthattheyhadbelieved,soasnottobekeptbackbytheexampleoftheirrefusal.Butitistheirveryrefusalthatisthefoundationofourfaith.Weshouldbemuchlessdisposedtothefaith,iftheywereonourside.Weshouldthenhaveamoreamplepretext.ThewonderfulthingistohavemadetheJewsgreatloversofthethingsforetold,andgreatenemiesoftheirfulfilment.

    746.TheJewswereaccustomedtogreatandstrikingmiracles,andso,havinghadthegreatmiraclesoftheRedSeaandofthelandofCanaanasanepitomeofthegreatdeedsoftheirMessiah,theythereforelookedformorestrikingmiracles,ofwhichthoseofMoseswereonlythepatterns.

    747.ThecarnalJewsandtheheathenhavetheircalamities,andChristiansalso.ThereisnoRedeemerfortheheathen,fortheydonotsomuchashopeforone.ThereisnoRedeemerfortheJews;theyhopeforHiminvain.ThereisaRedeemeronlyforChristians.(SeePerpetuity.)

    748.InthetimeoftheMessiahthepeopledividedthemselves.ThespiritualembracedtheMessiah,andthecoarser-mindedremainedtoserveaswitnessesofHim.

    749."IfthiswasclearlyforetoldtotheJews,howdidtheynotbelieveit,orwhyweretheynotdestroyedforresistingafactsoclear?"

    Ireply:inthefirstplace,itwasforetoldboththattheywouldnotbelieveathingsoclearandthattheywouldnotbedestroyed.AndnothingismoretothegloryoftheMessiah;foritwasnotenoughthatthereshouldbeprophets;theirprophetsmustbekeptabovesuspicion.Now,etc.

    750.IftheJewshadallbeenconvertedbyJesusChrist,weshouldhavenonebutquestionablewitnesses.Andiftheyhadbeenentirelydestroyed,weshouldhavenowitnessesatall.

    751.WhatdotheprophetssayofJesusChrist?ThatHewillbeclearlyGod?No;butthatHeisaGodtrulyhidden;thatHewillbeslighted;thatnonewillthinkthatitisHe;thatHewillbeastoneofstumbling,uponwhichmanywillstumble,etc.Letpeoplethenreproachusnolongerforwantofclearness,sincewemakeprofessionofit.

    But,itissaid,thereareobscurities.Andwithoutthat,noonewouldhavestumbledoverJesusChrist,andthisisoneoftheformalpronouncementsoftheprophets:Excaeca

    752.MosesfirstteachestheTrinity,originalsin,theMessiah.

    David:agreatwitness;aking,good,merciful,abeautifulsoul,asoundmind,powerful.Heprophesies,andhiswondercomestopass.Thisisinfinite.

    HehadonlytosaythathewastheMessiah,ifhehadbeenvain;forthepropheciesareclearerabouthimthanaboutJesusChrist.AndthesamewithSaintJohn.

    753.HerodwasbelievedtobetheMessiah.HehadtakenawaythesceptrefromJudahbuthewasnotofJudah.Thisgaverisetoaconsiderablesect.

    CurseoftheGreeksuponthosewhocountthreeperiodsoftime.

    InwhatwayshouldtheMessiahcome,seeingthatthroughHimthesceptrewastobeeternallyinJudahandatHiscomingthesceptrewastobetakenawayfromJudah?

    Inordertoeffectthatseeingtheyshouldnotsee,andhearingtheyshouldnotunderstand,nothingcouldbebetterdone.

    754.HomoexistensteDeumfacit.

    Scriptumest,Diiestis,etnonpotestsolviScriptura.

    Haecinfirmitasnonestadvitametestadmortem.

    Lazarusdormit,etdeindedixit:Lazarusmortuusest.

    755.TheapparentdiscrepancyoftheGospels.

    756.Whatcanwehavebutreverenceforamanwhoforetellsplainlythingswhichcometopass,andwhodeclareshisintentionbothtoblindandtoenlighten,andwhointerspersesobscuritiesamongtheclearthingswhichcometopass?

    757.Thetimeofthefirstadventwasforetold;thetimeofthesecondisnotso;becausethefirstwastobeobscure,andthesecondistobebrilliantandsomanifestthatevenHisenemieswillrecogniseit.But,asHewasfirsttocomeonlyinobscurityandtobeknownonlyofthosewhosearchedtheScriptures.

    758.God,inordertocausetheMessiahtobeknownbythegoodandnottobeknownbythewicked,madeHimtobeforetoldinthismanner.IfthemanneroftheMessiahhadbeenclearlyforetold,therewouldhavebeennoobscurity,evenforthewicked.Ifthetimehadbeenobscurelyforetold,therewouldhavebeenobscurity,evenforthegood.Fortheirgoodnessofheartwouldnothavemadethemunderstand,forinstance,thattheclosedmemsignifiessixhundredyears.Butthattimehasbeenclearlyforetold,andthemannerintypes.

    Bythismeans,thewicked,takingthepromisedblessingsformaterialblessings,havefallenintoerror,inspiteoftheclearpredictionofthetime;andthegoodhavenotfalleninerror.Fortheunderstandingofthepromisedblessingsdependsontheheart,whichcallsgoodthatwhichitloves;buttheunderstandingofthepromisedtimedoesnotdependontheheart.Andthustheclearpredictionofthetime,andtheobscurepredictionoftheblessings,deceivethewickedalone.

    759.EithertheJewsortheChristiansmustbewicked.

    760.TheJewsrejectHim,butnotall.ThesaintsreceiveHim,andnotthecarnal-minded.AndsofaristhisfrombeingagainstHisglory,thatitisthelasttouchwhichcrownsit.Fortheirargument,theonlyonefoundinalltheirwritings,intheTalmudandintheRabbinicalwritings,amountsonlytothis,thatJesusChristhasnotsubduedthenationswithswordinhand,gladiumtuum,potentissime.(Isthisalltheyhavetosay?JesusChristhasbeenslain,saythey.Hehasfailed.HehasnotsubduedtheheathenwithHismight.Hehasnotbestoweduponustheirspoil.Hedoesnotgiveriches.Isthisalltheyhavetosay?ItisinthisrespectthatHeislovabletome.IwouldnotdesireHimwhomtheyfancy.)ItisevidentthatitisonlyHislifewhichhaspreventedthemfromacceptingHim;andthroughthisrejectiontheyareirreproachablewitnesses,and,whatismore,theytherebyaccomplishtheprophecies.

    BymeansofthefactthatthispeoplehavenotacceptedHim,thismiracleherehashappened.Thepropheciesweretheonlylastingmiracleswhichcouldbewrought,buttheywereliabletobedenied.

    761.TheJews,inslayingHiminordernottoreceiveHimastheMessiah,havegivenHimthefinalproofofbeingtheMessiah.

    AndincontinuingnottorecogniseHim,theymadethemselvesirreproachablewitnesses.BothinslayingHimandincontinuingtodenyHim,theyhavefulfilledtheprophecies(Is.60;Ps.71).

    762.WhatcouldtheJews,Hisenemies,do?IftheyreceiveHim,theygiveproofofHimbytheirreception;forthentheguardiansoftheexpectationoftheMessiahreceiveHim.IftheyrejectHim,theygiveproofofHimbytheirrejection.

    763.TheJews,intestingifHewereGod,haveshownthatHewasman.

    764.TheChurchhashadasmuchdifficultyinshowingthatJesusChristwasman,againstthosewhodeniedit,asinshowingthatHewasGod;andtheprobabilitieswereequallygreat.

    765.Sourceofcontradictions.¡XAGodhumiliated,eventothedeathonthecross;aMessiahtriumphingoverdeathbyhisowndeath.TwonaturesinJesusChrist,twoadvents,twostatesofman-snature.

    766.Types.¡XSaviour,father,sacrificer,offering,food,king,wise,law-giver,afflicted,poor,havingtocreateapeoplewhomHemustleadandnourishandbringintoHisland

    JesusChrist.Offices.¡XHealonehadtocreateagreatpeople,elect,holy,andchosen;tolead,nourish,andbringitintotheplaceofrestandholiness;tomakeitholytoGod;tomakeitthetempleofGod;toreconcileitto,and,saveitfrom,thewrathofGod;tofreeitfromtheslaveryofsin,whichvisiblyreignsinman;togivelawstothispeople,andengravetheselawsontheirheart;toofferHimselftoGodforthem,andsacrificeHimselfforthem;tobeavictimwithoutblemish,andHimselfthesacrificer,havingtoofferHimself,Hisbody,andHisblood,andyettoofferbreadandwinetoGod

    Ingrediensmundum.

    "Stoneuponstone."

    Whatprecededandwhatfollowed.AlltheJewsexiststillandarewanderers.

    767.Ofallthatisonearth,Hepartakesonlyofthesorrows,notofthejoys.HelovesHisneighbours,butHislovedoesnotconfineitselfwithinthesebounds,andoverflowstoHisownenemies,andthentothoseofGod.

    768.JesusChristtypifiedbyJoseph,thebelovedofhisfather,sentbyhisfathertoseehisbrethren,etc.,innocent,soldbyhisbrethrenfortwentypiecesofsilver,andtherebybecomingtheirlord,theirsaviour,thesaviourofstrangersandthesaviouroftheworld;whichhadnotbeenbutfortheirplottodestroyhim,theirsaleandtheirrejectionofhim.

    Inprison,Josephinnocentbetweentwocriminals;JesusChristonthecrossbetweentwothieves.Josephforetellsfreedomtotheone,anddeathtotheother,fromthesameomens.JesusChristsavestheelect,andcondemnstheoutcastforthesamesins.Josephforetellsonly;JesusChristacts.Josephaskshimwhowillbesavedtorememberhim,whenhecomesintohisglory;andhewhomJesusChristsavesasksthatHewillrememberhim,whenHecomesintoHiskingdom.

    769.TheconversionoftheheathenwasonlyreservedforthegraceoftheMessiah.TheJewshavebeensolonginoppositiontothemwithoutsuccess;allthatSolomonandtheprophetssaidhasbeenuseless.Sages,likePlatoandSocrates,havenotbeenabletopersuadethem.

    770.Aftermanypersonshadgonebefore,JesusChristatlastcametosay:"HereamI,andthisisthetime.Thatwhichtheprophetshavesaidwastocomeinthefullnessoftime,Itellyoumyapostleswilldo.TheJewsshallbecastout.Jerusalemshallbesoondestroyed.AndtheheathenshallenterintotheknowledgeofGod.Myapostlesshalldothisafteryouhaveslaintheheirofthevineyard."

    ThentheapostlessaidtotheJews:"Youshallbeaccursed,"(Celsuslaughedatit);andtotheheathen,"YoushallenterintotheknowledgeofGod."Andthisthencametopass.

    771.JesusChristcametoblindthosewhosawclearly,andtogivesighttotheblind;tohealthesick,andleavethehealthytodie;tocalltorepentance,andtojustifysinners,andtoleavetherighteousintheirsins;tofilltheneedy,andleavetherichempty.

    772.Holiness.¡XEffundamspiritummeum.Allnationswereinunbeliefandlust.Thewholeworldnowbecameferventwithlove.Princesabandonedtheirpomp;maidenssufferedmartyrdom.Whencecamethisinfluence?TheMessiahwascome.TheseweretheeffectandsignofHiscoming.

    773.DestructionoftheJewsandheathenbyJesusChrist:Omnesgentesvenientetadorabunteum.Parumestut,etc.Postulaame.Adorabunteumomnesreges.Testesiniqui.Dabitmaxillampercutienti.Dederuntfelinescam.

    774.JesusChristforall,Mosesforanation.

    TheJewsblessedinAbraham:"Iwillblessthosethatblessthee."But:"Allnationsblessedinhisseed."Parumestut,etc.

    Lumenadrevelationemgentium.

    Nonfecittaliteromninationi,saidDavid,inspeakingoftheLaw.But,inspeakingofJesusChrist,wemustsay:Fecittaliteromninationi.Parumestut,etc.,Isaiah.SoitbelongstoJesusChristtobeuniversal.EventheChurchofferssacrificeonlyforthefaithful.JesusChristofferedthatofthecrossforall.

    775.Thereisheresyinalwaysexplainingomnesbyall,andheresyisnotexplainingitsometimesbyall.Bibiteexhocomnes;TheHuguenotsarehereticsinexplainingitbyall.Inquoomnespeccaverunt,theHuguenotsarehereticsinexceptingthechildrenoftruebelievers.Wemust,then,followtheFathersandtraditioninordertoknowwhentodoso,sincethereisheresytobefearedonbothsides.

    776.Netimeaspusillusgrex.Timoreettremore.¡XQuidergo?Netimeasmodotimeas.Fearnot,providedyoufear;butifyoufearnot,thenfear.

    Quimerecipit,nonmerecipit,sedeumquimemisit.

    Nemoscit,nequeFilius.

    Nubeslucidaobumbravit.

    SaintJohnwastoturntheheartsofthefatherstothechildren,andJesusChristtoplantdivision.Thereisnotcontradiction.

    777.Theeffectsincommuniandinparticulari.Thesemi-Pelagianserrinsayingofincommuniwhatistrueonlyinparticulari;andtheCalvinistsinsayinginparticulariwhatistrueincommuni.(Suchismyopinion.)

    778.OmnisJudaearegio,etJerosolmymiuniversi,etbaptizabantur.Becauseofalltheconditionsofmenwhocamethere.

    FromthesestonestherecancomechildrenuntoAbraham.

    779.Ifmenknewthemselves,Godwouldhealandpardonthem.Neconvertanturetsanemeos,etdimittantureispeccata.

    780.JesusChristnevercondemnedwithouthearing.ToJudas:Amice,adguidvenisti?Tohimthathadnotontheweddinggarment,thesame.

    781.ThetypesofthecompletenessoftheRedemption,asthatthesungiveslighttoall,indicateonlycompleteness;butthetypesofexclusions,asoftheJewselectedtotheexclusionoftheGentiles,indicateexclusion.

    "JesusChristtheRedeemerofall."Yes,forHehasoffered,likeamanwhohasransomedallthosewhowerewillingtocometoHim.Ifanydieontheway,itistheirmisfortune;but,sofarasHewasconcerned,Heofferedthemredemption.Thatholdsgoodinthisexample,wherehewhoransomsandhewhopreventsdeatharetwopersons,butnotofJesusChrist,whodoesboththesethings.No,forJesusChrist,inthequalityofRedeemer,isnotperhapsMasterofall;andthus,insofarasitisinHim,HeistheRedeemerofall.

    WhenitissaidthatJesusChristdidnotdieforall,youtakeundueadvantageofafaultinmenwhoatonceapplythisexceptiontothemselves;andistofavourdespair,insteadofturningthemfromittofavourhope.Formenthusaccustomthemselvesininwardvirtuesbyoutwardcustoms.

    782.Thevictoryoverdeath."Whatisamanadvantagedifhegainthewholeworldandlosehisownsoul?Whosoeverwillsavehissoul,shallloseit."

    "Iamnotcometodestroythelaw,buttofulfil."

    "Lambstooknotawaythesinsoftheworld,butIamthelambwhichtakethawaythesins."

    "Moseshathnotledyououtofcaptivity,andmadeyoutrulyfree."

    783ThenJesusChristcomestotellmenthattheyhavenootherenemiesbutthemselves;thatitistheirpassionswhichkeepthemapartfromGod;thatHecomestodestroythese,andgivethemHisgrace,soastomakeofthemalloneHolyChurch;thatHecomestobringbackintothisChurchtheheathenandJews;thatHecomestodestroytheidolsoftheformerandthesuperstitionofthelatter.Tothisallmenareopposed,notonlyfromthenaturaloppositionoflust;but,aboveall,thekingsoftheearth,ashadbeenforetold,jointogethertodestroythisreligionatitsbirth.(Proph.:QuarefremueruntgentesregesterraeadversusChristum.)

    Allthatisgreatonearthisunitedtogether;thelearned,thewise,thekings.Thefirstwrite;thesecondcondemn;thelastkill.Andnotwithstandingalltheseoppositions,thesemen,simpleandweak,resistallthesepowers,subdueeventhesekings,theselearnedmenandthesesages,andremoveidolatryfromalltheearth.Andallthisisdonebythepowerwhichhadforetoldit.

    784.JesusChristwouldnothavethetestimonyofdevils,norofthosewhowerenotcalled,butofGodandJohntheBaptist.

    785.IconsiderJesusChristinallpersonsandinourselves:JesusChristasaFatherinHisFather,JesusChristasaBrotherinHisBrethren,JesusChristaspoorinthepoor,JesusChristasrichintherich,JesusChristasDoctorandPriestinpriests,JesusChristasSovereigninprinces,etc.ForbyHisgloryHeisallthatisgreat,beingGod;andbyHismortallifeHeisallthatispoorandabject.ThereforeHehastakenthisunhappycondition,sothatHecouldbeinallpersonsandthemodelofallconditions.

    786.JesusChristisanobscurity(accordingtowhattheworldcallsobscurity),suchthathistorians,writingonlyofimportantmattersofstates,havehardlynoticedHim.

    787.OnthefactthatneitherJosephus,norTacitus,norotherhistorianshavespokenofJesusChrist.¡XSofaristhisfromtellingagainstChristianitythat,onthecontrary,ittellsforit.ForitiscertainthatJesusChristhasexisted;thatHisreligionhasmadeagreattalk;andthatthesepersonswerenotignorantofit.Thusitisplainthattheypurposelyconcealedit,orthat,iftheydidspeakofit,theiraccounthasbeensuppressedorchanged.

    788."Ihavereservedmeseventhousand."Ilovetheworshippersunknowntotheworldandtotheveryprophets.

    789.AsJesusChristremainedunknownamongmen,soHistruthremainsamongcommonopinionswithoutexternaldifference.ThustheEucharistamongordinarybread.

    790.Jesuswouldnotbeslainwithouttheformsofjustice;foritisfarmoreignominioustodiebyjusticethanbyanunjustsedition.

    791.ThefalsejusticeofPilateonlyservestomakeJesusChristsuffer;forhecausesHimtobescourgedbyhisfalsejustice,andafterwardsputsHimtodeath.ItwouldhavebeenbettertohaveputHimtodeathatonce.Thusitiswiththefalselyjust.Theydogoodandevilworkstopleasetheworld,andtoshowthattheyarenotaltogetherofJesusChrist;fortheyareashamedofHim.Andatlast,undergreattemptationandongreatoccasions,theykillHim.

    792.Whatmaneverhadmorerenown?ThewholeJewishpeopleforetellHimbeforeHiscoming.TheGentilepeopleworshipHimafterHiscoming.Thetwopeoples,GentileandJewish,regardHimastheircentre.

    Andyetwhatmanenjoysthisrenownless?Ofthirty-threeyears,Helivesthirtywithoutappearing.ForthreeyearsHepassesasanimpostor;thepriestsandthechiefpeoplerejectHim;HisfriendsandHisnearestrelativesdespiseHim.Finally,Hedies,betrayedbyoneofHisowndisciples,deniedbyanother,andabandonedbyall.

    Whatpart,then,hasHeinthisrenown?Neverhadmansomuchrenown;neverhadmanmoreignominy.Allthatrenownhasservedonlyforus,torenderuscapableofrecognisingHim;andHehadnoneofitforHimself.

    793.Theinfinitedistancebetweenbodyandmindisasymboloftheinfinitelymoreinfinitedistancebetweenmindandcharity;forcharityissupernatural.

    Allthegloryofgreatnesshasnolustreforpeoplewhoareinsearchofunderstanding.

    Thegreatnessofclevermenisinvisibletokings,totherich,tochiefs,andtoalltheworldlygreat.

    Thegreatnessofwisdom,whichisnothingifnotofGod,isinvisibletothecarnal-mindedandtotheclever.Thesearethreeordersdifferinginkind.

    Greatgeniuseshavetheirpower,theirglory,theirgreatness,theirvictory,theirlustre,andhavenoneedofworldlygreatness,withwhichtheyarenotinkeeping.Theyareseen,notbytheeye,butbythemind;thisissufficient.

    Thesaintshavetheirpower,theirglory,theirvictory,theirlustre,andneednoworldlyorintellectualgreatness,withwhichtheyhavenoaffinity;fortheseneitheraddanythingtothem,nortakeawayanythingfromthem.TheyareseenofGodandtheangels,andnotofthebody,norofthecuriousmind.Godisenoughforthem.

    Archimedes,apartfromhisrank,wouldhavethesameveneration.Hefoughtnobattlesfortheeyestofeastupon;buthehasgivenhisdiscoveriestoallmen.Oh!howbrillianthewastothemind!

    JesusChrist,withoutrichesandwithoutanyexternalexhibitionofknowledge,isinHisownorderofholiness.Hedidnotinvent;Hedidnotreign.ButHewashumble,patient,holy,holytoGod,terribletodevils,withoutanysin.Oh!inwhatgreatpompandinwhatwonderfulsplendourHeiscometotheeyesoftheheart,whichperceivewisdom!

    ItwouldhavebeenuselessforArchimedestohaveactedtheprinceinhisbooksongeometry,althoughhewasaprince.

    ItwouldhavebeenuselessforourLordJesusChristtocomelikeaking,inordertoshineforthinHiskingdomofholiness.ButHecamethereappropriatelyinthegloryofHisownorder.

    ItismostabsurdtotakeoffenceatthelowlinessofJesusChrist,asifHislowlinesswereinthesameorderasthegreatnesswhichHecametomanifest.IfweconsiderthisgreatnessinHislife,inHispassion,inHisobscurity,inHisdeath,inthechoiceofHisdisciples,intheirdesertion,inHissecretresurrection,andtherest,weshallseeittobesoimmensethatweshallhavenoreasonforbeingoffendedatalowlinesswhichisnotofthatorder.

    Buttherearesomewhocanonlyadmireworldlygreatness,asthoughtherewerenointellectualgreatness;andotherswhoonlyadmireintellectualgreatness,asthoughtherewerenotinfinitelyhigherthingsinwisdom.

    Allbodies,thefirmament,thestars,theearthanditskingdoms,arenotequaltothelowestmind;formindknowsalltheseanditself;andthesebodiesnothing.

    Allbodiestogether,andallmindstogether,andalltheirproducts,arenotequaltotheleastfeelingofcharity.Thisisofanorderinfinitelymoreexalted.

    Fromallbodiestogether,wecannotobtainonelittlethought;thisisimpossibleandofanotherorder.Fromallbodiesandminds,wecannotproduceafeelingoftruecharity;thisisimpossibleandofanotherandsupernaturalorder.

    794.WhydidJesusChristnotcomeinavisiblemanner,insteadofobtainingtestimonyofHimselffromprecedingprophecies?WhydidHecauseHimselftobeforetoldintypes?

    795.IfJesusChristhadonlycometosanctify,allScriptureandallthingswouldtendtothatend;anditwouldbequiteeasytoconvinceunbelievers.IfJesusChristhadonlycometoblind,allHisconductwouldbeconfused;andwewouldhavenomeansofconvincingunbelievers.ButasHecameinsanctificationemetinscandalum,asIsaiahsays,wecannotconvinceunbelievers,andtheycannotconvinceus.Butbythisveryfactweconvincethem;sincewesaythatinHiswholeconductthereisnoconvincingproofononesideortheother.

    796.JesusChristdoesnotsaythatHeisnotofNazareth,inordertoleavethewickedintheirblindness;northatHeisnotJoseph-sson.

    797.ProofsofJesusChrist.¡XJesusChristsaidgreatthingssosimplythatitseemsasthoughHehadnotthoughtthemgreat;andyetsoclearlythatweeasilyseewhatHethoughtofthem.Thisclearness,joinedtothissimplicity,iswonderful.

    798.Thestyleofthegospelisadmirableinsomanyways,andamongtherestinhurlingnoinvectivesagainstthepersecutorsandenemiesofJesusChrist.ForthereisnosuchinvectiveinanyofthehistoriansagainstJudas,Pilate,oranyoftheJews.

    IfthismoderationofthewritersoftheGospelshadbeenassumed,aswellasmanyothertraitsofsobeautifulacharacter,andtheyhadonlyassumedittoattractnotice,eveniftheyhadnotdaredtodrawattentiontoitthemselves,theywouldnothavefailedtosecurefriendswhowouldhavemadesuchremarkstotheiradvantage.Butastheyactedthuswithoutpretenceandfromwhollydisinterestedmotives,theydidnotpointitouttoanyone;andIbelievethatmanysuchfactshavenotbeennoticedtillnow,whichisevidenceofthenaturaldisinterestednesswithwhichthethinghasbeendone.

    799.Anartisanwhospeaksofwealth,alawyerwhospeaksofwar,ofroyalty,etc.;buttherichmanrightlyspeaksofwealth,akingspeaksindifferentlyofagreatgifthehasjustmade,andGodrightlyspeaksofGod.

    800.Whohastaughttheevangeliststhequalitiesofaperfectlyheroicsoul,thattheypaintitsoperfectlyinJesusChrist?WhydotheymakeHimweakinHisagony?Dotheynotknowhowtopaintaresolutedeath?Yes,forthesameSaintLukepaintsthedeathofSaintStephenasbraverthanthatofJesusChrist.

    TheymakeHim,therefore,capableoffear,beforethenecessityofdyinghascome,andthenaltogetherbrave.

    ButwhentheymakeHimsotroubled,itiswhenHeafflictsHimself;andwhenmenafflictHim,Heisaltogetherstrong.

    801.ProofofJesusChrist.¡XThesuppositionthattheapostleswereimpostorsisveryabsurd.Letusthinkitout.Letusimaginethosetwelvemen,assembledafterthedeathofJesusChrist,plottingtosaythatHewasrisen.Bythistheyattackallthepowers.Theheartofmanisstrangelyinclinedtofickleness,tochange,topromises,togain.Howeverlittleanyofthemmighthavebeenledastraybyalltheseattractions,naymore,bythefearofprisons,tortures,anddeath,theywerelost.Letusfollowupthisthought.

    802.Theapostleswereeitherdeceivedordeceivers.Eithersuppositionhasdifficulties;foritisnotpossibletomistakeamanraisedfromthedead

    WhileJesusChristwaswiththem,Hecouldsustainthem.But,afterthat,ifHedidnotappeartothem,whoinspiredthemtoact?

    SECTIONXIII:THEMIRACLES

    803.Thebeginning.¡XMiraclesenableustojudgeofdoctrine,anddoctrineenablesustojudgeofmiracles.

    Therearefalsemiraclesandtrue.Theremustbeadistinction,inordertoknowthem;otherwisetheywouldbeuseless.Nowtheyarenotuseless;onthecontrary,theyarefundamental.Nowtherulewhichisgiventousmustbesuchthatitdoesnotdestroytheproofwhichthetruemiraclesgiveofthetruth,whichisthechiefendofthemiracles.

    Moseshasgiventworules:thatthepredictiondoesnotcometopass(Deut.18.),andthattheydonotleadtoidolatry(Deut.13.);andJesusChristone.

    Ifdoctrineregulatesmiracles,miraclesareuselessfordoctrine.

    Ifmiraclesregulate

    Objectiontotherule.¡XThedistinctionofthetimes.OneruleduringthetimeofMoses,anotheratpresent.

    804.Miracle.¡XItisaneffect,whichexceedsthenaturalpowerofthemeanswhichareemployedforit;andwhatisnotamiracleisaneffect,whichdoesnotexceedthenaturalpowerofthemeanswhichareemployedforit.Thus,thosewhohealbyinvocationofthedevildonotworkamiracle;forthatdoesnotexceedthenaturalpowerofthedevil.But

    805.Thetwofundamentals;oneinward,theotheroutward;graceandmiracles;bothsupernatural.

    806.Miraclesandtrutharenecessary,becauseitisnecessarytoconvincetheentireman,inbodyandsoul.

    807.Inalltimes,eithermenhavespokenofthetrueGod,orthetrueGodhasspokentomen.

    808.JesusChristhasverifiedthatHewastheMessiah,neverinverifyingHisdoctrinebyScriptureandtheprophecies,butalwaysbyHismiracles.

    HeprovesbyamiraclethatHeremitssins.

    Rejoicenotinyourmiracles,saidJesusChrist,butbecauseyournamesarewritteninheaven.

    IftheybelievenotMoses,neitherwilltheybelieveonerisenfromthedead.

    NicodemusrecognisesbyHismiraclesthatHisteachingisofGod.ScimusquiavenistiaDeomagister;nemoenimpotesthaecsignafacerequaetufacisnisiDeusfueritcumeo.Hedoesnotjudgeofthemiraclesbytheteaching,butoftheteachingbythemiracles.

    TheJewshadadoctrineofGodaswehaveoneofJesusChrist,andconfirmedbymiracles.Theywereforbiddentobelieveeveryworkerofmiracles;andtheywerefurthercommandedtohaverecoursetothechiefpriestsandtorelyonthem.

    Andthus,inregardtotheirprophets,theyhadallthosereasonswhichwehaveforrefusingtobelievetheworkersofmiracles.

    AndyettheywereverysinfulinrejectingtheprophetsandJesusChristbecauseoftheirmiracles;andtheywouldnothavebeenculpable,iftheyhadnotseenthemiracles.Nisifecissempeccatumnonhaberent.Thereforeallbeliefrestsuponmiracles.

    Prophecyisnotcalledmiracle;asSaintJohnspeaksofthefirstmiracleinCanaandthenofwhatJesusChristsaystothewomanofSamaria,whenHerevealstoherallherhiddenlife.ThenHehealsthecenturion-sson;andSaintJohncallsthis"thesecondmiracle."

    809.Thecombinationsofmiracles.

    810.Thesecondmiraclecansupposethefirst,butthefirstcannotsupposethesecond.

    811.Haditnotbeenforthemiracles,therewouldhavebeennosininnotbelievinginJesusChrist.

    812."IshouldnotbeaChristian,butforthemiracles,"saidSaintAugustine.

    813.Miracles.¡XHowIhatethosewhomakemendoubtofmiracles!Montaignespeaksofthemasheshouldintwoplaces.Inone,weseehowcarefulheis;andyet,intheother,hebelievesandmakessportofunbelievers.

    Howeveritmaybe,theChurchiswithoutproofsiftheyareright.

    814.Montaigneagainstmiracles.

    Montaigneformiracles.

    815.Itisnotpossibletohaveareasonablebeliefagainstmiracles.

    816.Unbelieversthemostcredulous.TheybelievethemiraclesofVespasian,inordernottobelievethoseofMoses.

    817.Title:Howithappensthatmenbelievesomanyliars,whosaythattheyhaveseenmiracles,anddonotbelieveanyofthosewhosaythattheyhavesecretstomakemenimmortal,orrestoreyouthtothem.¡XHavingconsideredhowithappensthatsogreatcredenceisgiventosomanyimpostors,whosaytheyhaveremedies,oftentothelengthofmenputtingtheirlivesintotheirhands,ithasappearedtomethatthetruecauseisthattherearetrueremedies.Foritwouldnotbepossiblethatthereshouldbesomanyfalseremediesandthatsomuchfaithshouldbeplacedinthem,iftherewerenonetrue.Iftherehadneverbeenanyremedyforanyin,andallillshadbeenincurable,itisimpossiblethatmenshouldhaveimaginedthattheycouldgiveremedies,andstillmoreimpossiblethatsomanyothersshouldhavebelievedthosewhoboastedofhavingremedies;inthesamewayasdidamanboastofpreventingdeath,noonewouldbelievehim,becausethereisnoexampleofthis.Butastherewereanumberofremediesfoundtobetruebytheveryknowledgeofthegreatestmen,thebeliefofmenistherebyinduced;and,thisbeingknowntobepossible,ithasbeenthereforeconcludedthatitwas.Forpeoplecommonlyreasonthus:"Athingispossible,thereforeitis";becausethethingcannotbedeniedgenerally,sincethereareparticulareffectswhicharetrue,thepeople,whocannotdistinguishwhichamongtheseparticulareffectsaretrue,believethemall.Inthesameway,thereasonwhysomanyfalseeffectsarecreditedtothemoonisthattherearesometrue,asthetide.

    Itisthesamewithprophecies,miracles,divinationbydreams,sorceries,etc.

    Foriftherehadbeennothingtrueinallthis,menwouldhavebelievednothingofthem;andthus,insteadofconcludingthattherearenotruemiraclesbecausetherearesomanyfalse,wemust,onthecontrary,saythattherecertainlyaretruemiracles,sincetherearefalse,andthattherearefalsemiraclesonlybecausesomearetrue.Wemustreasoninthesamewayaboutreligion;foritwouldnotbepossiblethatmenshouldhaveimaginedsomanyfalsereligions,iftherehadnotbeenatrueone.Theobjectiontothisisthatsavageshaveareligion;buttheansweristhattheyhaveheardthetruespokenof,asappearsbytheDeluge,circumcision,thecrossofSaintAndrew,etc.

    818.Havingconsideredhowitcomesthattherearesomanyfalsemiracles,falserevelations,sorceries,etc.,ithasseemedtomethatthetruecauseisthattherearesometrue;foritwouldnotbepossiblethatthereshouldbesomanyfalsemiracles,iftherewerenonetrue,norsomanyfalserevelations,iftherewerenonetrue,norsomanyfalsereligions,iftherewerenotonetrue.Foriftherehadneverbeenallthis,itisalmostimpossiblethatmenshouldhaveimaginedit,andstillmoreimpossiblethatsomanyothersshouldhavebelievedit.Butastherehavebeenverygreatthingstrue,andastheyhavebeenbelievedbygreatmen,thisimpressionhasbeenthecausethatnearlyeverybodyisrenderedcapableofbelievingalsothefalse.Andthus,insteadofconcludingthattherearenotruemiracles,sincetherearesomanyfalse,itmustbesaid,onthecontrary,thattherearetruemiracles,sincetherearesomanyfalse;andthattherearefalseonesonlybecausetherearetrue;andthatinthesamewaytherearefalsereligionsbecausethereisonetrue.¡XObjectiontothis:savageshaveareligion.Butthisisbecausetheyhaveheardthetruespokenof,asappearsbythecrossofSaintAndrew,theDeluge,circumcision,etc.Thisarisesfromthefactthatthehumanmind,findingitselfinclinedtothatsidebythetruth,becomestherebysusceptibleofallthefalsehoodsofthis

    819.Jeremiah23:32.Themiraclesofthefalseprophets.IntheHebrewandVatabletheyarethetricks.

    Miracledoesnotalwayssignifymiracle.ISam.14:15;miraclesignifiesfear,andissointheHebrew.ThesameevidentlyinJob33:7;andalsoIsaiah21:4;Jeremiah44:12.Portentumsignifiessimulacrum,Jeremiah50:38;anditissointheHebrewandVatable.Isaiah8:18.JesusChristsaysthatHeandHiswillbeinmiracles.

    820.Ifthedevilfavouredthedoctrinewhichdestroyshim,hewouldbedividedagainsthimself,asJesusChristsaid.IfGodfavouredthedoctrinewhichdestroystheChurch,HewouldbedividedagainstHimself.Omneregnumdivisum.ForJesusChristwroughtagainstthedevil,anddestroyedhispowerovertheheart,ofwhichexorcismisthesymbolisation,inordertoestablishthekingdomofGod.AndthusHeadds,SiindigitoDeiregnumDeiadVos.

    821.Thereisagreatdifferencebetweentemptingandleadingintoerror.Godtempts,butHedoesnotleadintoerror.Totemptistoaffordopportunities,whichimposenonecessity;ifmendonotloveGod,theywilldoacertainthing.Toleadintoerroristoplaceamanunderthenecessityofinferringandfollowingoutwhatisuntrue.

    822.AbrahamandGideonareaboverevelation.TheJewsblindedthemselvesinjudgingofmiraclesbytheScripture.GodhasneverabandonedHistrueworshippers.

    IprefertofollowJesusChristthananyother,becauseHehasmiracle,prophecy,doctrine,perpetuity,etc.

    TheDonatists.Nomiraclewhichobligesthemtosayitisthedevil.

    ThemoreweparticulariseGod,JesusChrist,theChurch.

    823.Iftherewerenofalsemiracles,therewouldbecertainty.Iftherewerenoruletojudgeofthem,miracleswouldbeuselessandtherewouldbenoreasonforbelieving.

    Nowthereis,humanlyspeaking,nohumancertainty,butwehavereason.

    824.EitherGodhasconfoundedthefalsemiracles,orHehasforetoldthem;andinbothwaysHehasraisedHimselfabovewhatissupernaturalwithrespecttous,andhasraisedustoit.

    825.Miraclesservenottoconvert,buttocondemn.PartI-II(Q.113,A.10,Ad.2.)

    826.Reasonswhywedonotbelieve.

    John12:37.Cumautemtantasignafecisset,noncredebantineum,utsermoIsayaeimplereturExcaecavit,etc.

    HaecdixitIsaias,quandoviditgloriamejusetlocutusestdeeo.

    JudaeisignapetuntetGraecisapientiamquaerunt,nosautemJesumcrucifixum.(Sedplenumsignis,sedplenumsapientia;vosautemChristumnoncrucifixumetreligionemsinemiraculisetsinesapientia.)

    Whatmakesusnotbelieveinthetruemiraclesiswantoflove.John:Sedvosnoncreditis,quianonestisexovibus.Whatmakesusbelievethefalseiswantoflove.Thess.2.

    Thefoundationofreligion.Itisthemiracles.Whatthen?DoesGodspeakagainstmiracles,againstthefoundationsofthefaithwhichwehaveinHim?

    IfthereisaGod,faithinGodmustexistonearth.NowthemiraclesofJesusChristarenotforetoldbyAntichrist,butthemiraclesofAntichristareforetoldbyJesusChrist.Andso,ifJesusChristwerenottheMessiah,Hewouldhaveindeedledintoerror.WhenJesusChristforetoldthemiraclesofAntichrist,didHethinkofdestroyingfaithinHisownmiracles?

    MosesforetoldJesusChristandbadetofollowHim.JesusChristforetoldAntichristandforbadetofollowhim.

    ItwasimpossiblethatinthetimeofMosesmenshouldkeeptheirfaithforAntichrist,whowasunknowntothem.Butitisquiteeasy,inthetimeofAntichrist,tobelieveinJesusChrist,alreadyknown.

    ThereisnoreasonforbelievinginAntichrist,whichthereisnotforbelievinginJesusChrist.ButtherearereasonsforbelievinginJesusChrist,whichtherearenotforbelievingintheother.

    827.Judges13:23:"IftheLordwerepleasedtokillus,Hewouldnothaveshewedusallthesethings."

    Hezekiah,Sennacherib.

    Jeremiah.Hananiah,thefalseprophet,diesinsevenmonths.

    IIMacc.3.Thetemple,readyforpillage,miraculouslysuccoured.¡XIIMacc.15.

    IKings17.ThewidowtoElijah,whohadrestoredherson,"BythisIknowthatthywordsaretrue."

    IKings18.ElijahwiththeprophetsofBaal.

    InthedisputeconcerningthetrueGodandthetruthofreligion,therehasneverhappenedanymiracleonthesideoferror,andnotoftruth.

    828.Opposition.¡XAbel,Cain;Moses,theMagicians;Elijah,thefalseprophets:Jeremiah,Hananiah;Micaiah,thefalseprophets;JesusChrist,thePharisees;SaintPaul,Bar-jesus;theApostles,theExorcists;Christians,unbelievers;Catholics,heretics;Elijah,Enoch,Antichrist.

    829.JesusChristsaysthattheScripturestestifyofHim.ButHedoesnotpointoutinwhatrespect.

    EventhepropheciescouldnotproveJesusChristduringHislife;andsomenwouldnothavebeenculpablefornotbelievinginHimbeforeHisdeathhadthemiraclesnotsufficedwithoutdoctrine.NowthosewhodidnotbelieveinHim,whenHewasstillalive,weresinners,asHesaidhimself,andwithoutexcuse.Thereforetheymusthavehadproofbeyonddoubt,whichtheyresisted.Now,theyhadnottheprophecies,butonlythemiracles.Thereforethelattersuffice,whenthedoctrineisnotinconsistentwiththem;andtheyoughttobebelieved.

    John7:40.DisputeamongtheJewsasamongtheChristiansofto-day.SomebelievedinJesusChrist;othersbelievedHimnot,becauseoftheprophecieswhichsaidthatHeshouldbeborninBethlehem.TheyshouldhaveconsideredmorecarefullywhetherHewasnot.ForHismiraclesbeingconvincing,theyshouldhavebeenquitesureofthesesupposedcontradictionsofHisteachingtoScripture;andthisobscuritydidnotexcuse,butblindedthem.Thusthosewhorefusetobelieveinthemiraclesinthepresentdayonaccountofasupposedcontradiction,whichisunreal,arenotexcused.

    ThePhariseessaidtothepeople,whobelievedinHim,becauseofHismiracles:"Thispeoplewhoknowethnotthelawarecursed.ButhaveanyoftherulersorofthePhariseesbelievedinhim?ForweknowthatoutofGalileearisethnoprophet."Nicodemusanswered:"Dothourlawjudgeanymanbeforeithearhim,andspeciallysuchamanwhoworkssuchmiracles"?

    830.Theprophecieswereambiguous;theyarenolongerso.

    831.Thefivepropositionswereambiguous;theyarenolongerso.

    832.Miraclesarenolongernecessary,becausewehavehadthemalready.Butwhentraditionisnolongerminded;whenthePopealoneisofferedtous;whenhehasbeenimposedupon;andwhenthetruesourceoftruth,whichistradition,isthusexcluded;andthePope,whoisitsguardian,isbiased;thetruthisnolongerfreetoappear.Then,asmenspeaknolongeroftruth,truthitselfmustspeaktomen.ThisiswhathappenedinthetimeofArius.(MiraclesunderDiocletianandunderArius.)

    833.Miracle.¡XThepeopleconcludedthisofthemselves;butifthereasonofitmustbegiventoyou

    Itisunfortunatetobeinexceptiontotherule.Thesamemustbestrict,andopposedtoexception.Butyet,asitiscertainthatthereareexceptionstoarule,ourjudgmentmustthoughstrict,bejust.

    834.John6:26:Nonquiavidistisignum,sedquiasaturatiestis.

    ThosewhofollowJesusChristbecauseofHismiracleshonourHispowerinallthemiracleswhichitproduces.Butthosewho,makingprofessiontofollowHimbecauseofHismiracles,followHiminfactonlybecauseHecomfortsthemandsatisfiesthemwithworldlyblessings,discreditHismiracles,whentheyareopposedtotheirowncomforts.

    John9:NonesthichomoaDeo,quiasabbatumnoncustodit.Alii:Quomodopotesthomopeccatorhaecsignafacere?

    Whichisthemostclear?

    ThishouseisnotofGod;fortheydonottherebelievethatthefivepropositionsareinJansenius.Others:ThishouseisofGod;forinittherearewroughtstrangemiracles.

    Whichisthemostclear?

    Tuquiddicis?Dicoquiaprophetaest.NisiessethicaDeo,nonpoteratfacerequidquam.

    835.IntheOldTestament,whentheywillturnyoufromGod.IntheNew,whentheywillturnyoufromJesusChrist.Thesearetheoccasionsforexcludingparticularmiraclesfrombelief.Noothersneedbeexcluded.

    Doesit,therefore,followthattheywouldhavetherighttoexcludealltheprophetswhocametothem?No;theywouldhavesinnedinnotexcludingthosewhodeniedGod,andwouldhavesinnedinexcludingthosewhodidnotdenyGod.

    Sosoon,then,asweseeamiracle,wemusteitherassenttoitorhavestrikingproofstothecontrary.WemustseeifitdeniesaGod,orJesusChrist,ortheChurch.

    836.ThereisagreatdifferencebetweennotbeingforJesusChristandsayingso,andnotbeingforJesusChristandpretendingtobeso.Theonepartycandomiracles,nottheothers.Foritisclearoftheonepartythattheyareopposedtothetruth,butnotoftheothers;andthusmiraclesareclearer.

    837.ThatwemustloveoneGodonlyisathingsoevidentthatitdoesnotrequiremiraclestoproveit.

    838.JesusChristperformedmiracles,thentheapostles,andthefirstsaintsingreatnumber;becausethepropheciesnotbeingyetaccomplished,butintheprocessofbeingaccomplishedbythem,themiraclesaloneborewitnesstothem.ItwasforetoldthattheMessiahshouldconvertthenations.Howcouldthisprophecybefulfilledwithouttheconversionofthenations?AndhowcouldthenationsbeconvertedtotheMessiah,iftheydidnotseethisfinaleffectoftheprophecieswhichproveHim?Therefore,tillHehaddied,risenagain,andconvertedthenations,allwasnotaccomplished;andsomiracleswereneededduringallthistime.NowtheyarenolongerneededagainsttheJews;fortheaccomplishedpropheciesconstitutealastingmiracle.

    839."ThoughyebelievenotMe,believeatleasttheworks."Herefersthem,asitwere,tothestrongestproof.

    IthadbeentoldtotheJews,aswellastoChristians,thattheyshouldnotalwaysbelievetheprophets;butyetthePhariseesandScribesaregreatlyconcernedaboutHismiraclesandtrytoshowthattheyarefalse,orwroughtbythedevil.Fortheymustneedsbeconvinced,iftheyacknowledgethattheyareofGod.

    Atthepresentdaywearenottroubledtomakethisdistinction.Stillitisveryeasytodo:thosewhodenyneitherGodnorJesusChristdonomiracleswhicharenotcertain.Nemofacitvirtuteminnominemeo,etcitopossitdememaleloqui.

    Butwehavenottodrawthisdistinction.Hereisasacredrelic.HereisathornfromthecrownoftheSaviouroftheworld,overwhomtheprinceofthisworldhasnopower,whichworksmiraclesbythepeculiarpowerofthebloodshedforus.NowGodHimselfchoosesthishouseinordertodisplayconspicuouslythereinHispower.

    Thesearenotmenwhodomiraclesbyanunknownanddoubtfulvirtue,whichmakesadecisiondifficultforus.ItisGodHimself.ItistheinstrumentofthePassionofHisonlySon,who,beinginmanyplaces,choosesthis,andmakesmencomefromallquarterstheretoreceivethesemiraculousalleviationsintheirweaknesses.

    840.TheChurchhasthreekindsofenemies:theJews,whohaveneverbeenofherbody;theheretics,whohavewithdrawnfromit;andtheevilChristians,whorendherfromwithin.

    Thesethreekindsofdifferentadversariesusuallyattackherindifferentways.Butheretheyattackherinoneandthesameway.Astheyareallwithoutmiracles,andastheChurchhasalwayshadmiraclesagainstthem,theyhaveallhadthesameinterestinevadingthem;andtheyallmakeuseofthisexcuse,thatdoctrinemustnotbejudgedbymiracles,butmiraclesbydoctrine.ThereweretwopartiesamongthosewhoheardJesusChrist:thosewhofollowedHisteachingonaccountofHismiracles;otherswhosaid.ThereweretwopartiesinthetimeofCalvinTherearenowtheJesuits,etc.

    841.Miraclesfurnishthetestinmattersofdoubt,betweenJewsandheathens,JewsandChristians,Catholicsandheretics,theslanderedandslanderers,betweenthetwocrosses.

    Butmiracleswouldbeuselesstoheretics;fortheChurch,authorisedbymiracleswhichhavealreadyobtainedbelief,tellsusthattheyhavenotthetruefaith.Thereisnodoubtthattheyarenotinit,sincethefirstmiraclesoftheChurchexcludebeliefoftheirs.Thusthereismiracleagainstmiracle,boththefirstandgreatestbeingonthesideoftheChurch.

    Thesenuns,astonishedatwhatissaid¡Xthattheyareinthewayofperdition;thattheirconfessorsareleadingthemtoGeneva;thattheysuggesttothemthatJesusChristisnotintheEucharist,norontherighthandoftheFather¡Xknowthatallthisisfalseand,therefore,offerthemselvestoGodinthisstate.Videsiviainiquitatisinmeest.Whathappensthereupon?Thisplace,whichissaidtobethetempleofthedevil,GodmakesHisowntemple.Itissaidthatthechildrenmustbetakenawayfromit.Godhealsthemthere.Itissaidthatitisthearsenalofhell.GodmakesofitthesanctuaryofHisgrace.Lastly,theyarethreatenedwithallthefuryandvengeanceofheaven;andGodoverwhelmsthemwithfavours.Amanwouldneedtohavelosthissensestoconcludefromthisthattheyarethereforeinthewayofperdition.

    (WehavewithoutdoubtthesamesignsasSaintAthanasius.)

    842.SituesChristus,dicnobis.

    Operaquaeegofacioinnominepatrismei,haectestimoniumperhibentdeme.Sedvosnoncreditisquianonestisexovibusmeis.Ovesmeaevocemmeamaudiunt.

    John6:30.Quodergotufacissignumutvideamusetcredamustibi?(Nondicunt:Quamdoctrinampraedicas?)

    NemopotestfaceresignaquaetufacisnisiDeus.

    IIMacc.14:15.Deusquisignisevidentibussuamportionemprotegit.

    Volumussignumvideredecoelo,tentanteseum.Luke11:16.

    Generatiopravasignumquaerit;etnondabitur.

    Etingemiscensait:Quidgeneratioistasignumquaerit?(Mark8:12.)Theyaskedasignwithanevilintention.

    Etnonpoteratfacere.AndyethepromisesthemthesignofJonah,thegreatandwonderfulmiracleofhisresurrection.

    Nisivideritis,noncreditis.Hedoesnotblamethemfornotbelievingunlesstherearemiracles,butfornotbelievingunlesstheyarethemselvesspectatorsofthem.

    Antichristinsignismendacibus,saysSaintPaul,IIThess.2.

    SecundumoperationemSatanae,inseductioneiisquipereunteoquodcharitatemveritatisnonreceperuntutsalvifierent,ideomittetillisDeusoptationeserrorisutcredantmendacio.

    AsinthepassageofMoses:TentatenimvosDeus,utrumdiligatiseum.

    Eccepraedixivobis:vosergovidete.

    843.Hereisnotthecountryoftruth.Shewandersunknownamongstmen.Godhascoveredherwithaveil,whichleavesherunrecognisedbythosewhodonothearhervoice.Roomisopenedforblasphemy,evenagainstthetruthsthatareatleastverylikely.IfthetruthsoftheGospelarepublished,thecontraryispublishedtoo,andthequestionsareobscured,sothatthepeoplecannotdistinguish.Andtheyask,"Whathaveyoutomakeyoubelievedratherthanothers?Whatsigndoyougive?Youhaveonlywords,andsohavewe.Ifyouhadmiracles,goodandwell."Thatdoctrineoughttobesupportedbymiraclesisatruth,whichtheymisuseinordertoreviledoctrine.Andifmiracleshappen,itissaidthatmiraclesarenotenoughwithoutdoctrine;andthisisanothertruth,whichtheymisuseinordertorevilemiracles.

    JesusChristcuredthemanbornblindandperformedanumberofmiraclesontheSabbathday.InthiswayHeblindedthePharisees,whosaidthatmiraclesmustbejudgedbydoctrine.

    "WehaveMoses:but,asforthisfellow,weknownotfromwhenceheis."ItiswonderfulthatyouknownotwhenceHeis,andyetHedoessuchmiracles.

    JesusChristspokeneitheragainstGod,noragainstMoses.

    Antichristandthefalseprophets,foretoldbybothTestaments,willspeakopenlyagainstGodandagainstJesusChrist.WhoisnothiddenGodwouldnotallowhim,whowouldbeasecretenemy,todomiraclesopenly.

    InapublicdisputewherethetwopartiesprofesstobeforGod,forJesusChrist,fortheChurch,miracleshaveneverbeenonthesideofthefalseChristians,andtheothersidehasneverbeenwithoutamiracle.

    "Hehathadevil."John10:21.Andotherssaid,"Canadevilopentheeyesoftheblind?"

    TheproofswhichJesusChristandtheapostlesdrawfromScripturearenotconclusive;fortheysayonlythatMosesforetoldthataprophetshouldcome.ButtheydonottherebyprovethatthisisHe;andthatisthewholequestion.Thesepassages,therefore,serveonlytoshowthattheyarenotcontrarytoScriptureandthatthereappearsnoinconsistency,butnotthatthereisagreement.Nowthisisenough,namely,exclusionofinconsistency,alongwithmiracles.

    ThereisamutualdutybetweenGodandmen.WemustpardonHimthissaying:Quiddebui?"Accuseme,"saidGodinIsaiah.

    "GodmustfulfilHispromises,"etc.

    MenoweittoGodtoacceptthereligionwhichHesends.Godowesittomennottoleadthemintoerror.Now,theywouldbeledintoerror,iftheworkersofmiraclesannouncedadoctrinewhichshouldnotappearevidentlyfalsetothelightofcommonsense,andifagreaterworkerofmiracleshadnotalreadywamedmennottobelievethem.

    Thus,ifthereweredivisionsintheChurch,andtheArians,forexample,whodeclaredthemselvesfoundedonScripturejustastheCatholics,haddonemiracles,andnottheCatholics,menshouldhavebeenledintoerror.

    For,asaman,whoannouncestousthesecretsofGod,isnotworthytobebelievedonhisprivateauthority,andthatiswhytheungodlydoubthim;sowhenaman,asatokenofthecommunionwhichhehaswithGod,raisesthedead,foretellsthefuture,removestheseas,healsthesick,thereisnonesowickedasnottobowtohim,andtheincredulityofPharaohandthePhariseesistheeffectofasupernaturalobduracy.

    When,therefore,weseemiraclesandadoctrinenotsuspicious,bothononeside,thereisnodifficulty.Butwhenweseemiraclesandsuspiciousdoctrineonthesameside,wemustthenseewhichistheclearest.JesusChristwassuspected.

    Bar-jesusblinded.ThepowerofGodsurpassesthatofHisenemies.

    TheJewishexorcistsbeatenbythedevils,saying,"JesusIknow,andPaulIknow;butwhoareye"?

    Miraclesarefordoctrine,andnotdoctrineformiracles.

    Ifthemiraclesaretrue,shallwebeabletopersuademenofalldoctrine?No;forthiswillnotcometopass.Siangelus

    Rule:wemustjudgeofdoctrinebymiracles;wemustjudgeofmiraclesbydoctrine.Allthisistrue,butcontainsnocontradiction.

    Forwemustdistinguishthetimes.

    Howgladyouaretoknowthegeneralrules,thinkingtherebytosetupdissensionandrenderalluseless!Weshallpreventyou,myfather;truthisoneandconstant.

    Itisimpossible,fromthedutyofGodtomen,thataman,hidinghisevilteaching,andonlyshowingthegood,sayingthatheconformstoGodandtheChurch,shoulddomiraclessoastoinstilinsensiblyafalseandsubtledoctrine.Thiscannothappen.

    AndstilllessthatGod,whoknowstheheartshouldperformmiraclesinfavourofsuchaone.

    844.Thethreemarksofreligion:perpetuity,agoodlife,miracles.Theydestroyperpetuitybytheirdoctrineofprobability;agoodlifebytheirmorals,miraclesbydestroyingeithertheirtruthortheconclusionstobedrawnfromthem.

    Ifwebelievethem,theChurchwillhavenothingtodowithperpetuity,holiness,andmiracles.Thehereticsdenythem,ordenytheconclusionstobedrawnfromthem;theydothesame.Butonewouldneedtohavenosincerityinordertodenythem,oragaintoloseone-ssensesinordertodenytheconclusionstobedrawnfromthem.

    Nobodyhaseversufferedmartyrdomforthemiracleswhichhesayshehasseen;forthefollyofmengoesperhapstothelengthofmartyrdom,forthosewhichtheTurksbelievebytradition,butnotforthosewhichtheyhaveseen.

    845.Thehereticshavealwaysattackedthesethreemarks,whichtheyhavenot.

    846.Firstobjection:"Anangelfromheaven.Wemustnotjudgeoftruthbymiracles,butofmiraclesbytruth.Thereforethemiraclesareuseless.

    Nowtheyareofuse,andtheymustnotbeinoppositiontothetruth.ThereforewhatFatherLingendehassaidthat"Godwillnotpermitthatamiraclemayleadintoerror"

    WhenthereshallbeacontroversyinthesameChurch,miraclewilldecide.

    Secondobjection:"ButAntichristwilldomiracles."

    ThemagiciansofPharaohdidnotenticetoerror.ThuswecannotsaytoJesusrespectingAntichrist,"Youhaveledmeintoerror."ForAntichristwilldothemagainstJesusChrist,andsotheycannotleadintoerror.EitherGodwillnotpermitfalsemiracles,orHewillprocuregreater.

    JesusChristhasexistedsincethebeginningoftheworld:thisismoreimpressivethanallthemiraclesofAntichrist.

    IfinthesameChurchthereshouldhappenamiracleonthesideofthoseinerror,menwouldbeledintoerror.Schismisvisible;amiracleisvisible.Butschismismoreasignoferrorthanamiracleisasignoftruth.Thereforeamiraclecannotleadintoerror.

    But,apartfromschism,errorisnotsoobviousasamiracleisobvious.Thereforeamiraclecouldleadintoerror.

    UbiestDeustuus?MiraclesshowHim,andarealight.

    847.OneoftheanthemsforVespersatChristmas:Exortumestintenebrislumenrectiscorde.

    848.IfthecompassionofGodissogreatthatHeinstructsustoourbenefit,evenwhenHehidesHimself,whatlightoughtwenottoexpectfromHimwhenHerevealsHimself?

    849.WillEstetnonest.bereceivedinfaithitselfaswellasinmiracles?Andifitisinseparableintheothers

    WhenSaintXavierworksmiracles.SaintHilary."Yewretches,whoobligeustospeakofmiracles."

    Unjustjudges,makenotyourownlawsonthemoment;judgebythosewhichareestablished,andbyyourselves.Vaequiconditislegesiniquas.

    Miraclesendless,false.

    Inordertoweakenyouradversaries,youdisarmthewholeChurch.

    IftheysaythatoursalvationdependsuponGod,theyare"heretics."IftheysaythattheyareobedienttothePope,thatis"hypocrisy."Iftheyarereadytosubscribetoallthearticles,thatisnotenough.Iftheysaythatamanmustnotbekilledforanapple,"theyattackthemoralityofCatholics."Ifmiraclesaredoneamongthem,itisnotasignofholiness,andis,onthecontraryasymptomofheresy.

    ThiswayinwhichtheChurchhasexistedisthattruthhasbeenwithoutdispute,or,ifithasbeencontested,therehasbeenthePope,or,failinghim,therehasbeentheChurch.

    850.Thefivepropositionscondemned,butnomiracle;forthetruthwasnotattacked.ButtheSorbonnebutthebull

    ItisimpossiblethatthosewholoveGodwithalltheirheartshouldfailtorecognisetheChurch;soevidentisshe.ItisimpossiblethatthosewhodonotloveGodshouldbeconvincedoftheChurch.

    MiracleshavesuchinfluencethatitwasnecessarythatGodshouldwarnmennottobelieveintheminoppositiontoHim,allclearasitisthatthereisaGod.Withoutthistheywouldhavebeenabletodisturbmen.

    Andthussofarfromthesepassages,Deut.13,makingagainsttheauthorityofthemiracles,nothingmoreindicatestheirinfluence.AndthesameinrespectofAntichrist."Toseduce,ifitwerepossible,eventheelect."

    851.Thehistoryofthemanbornblind.

    WhatsaysSaintPaul?Doeshecontinuallyspeakoftheevidenceoftheprophecies?No,butofhisownmiracle.WhatsaysJesusChrist?DoesHespeakoftheevidenceoftheprophecies?No;Hisdeathhadnotfulfilledthem.Buthesays,Sinonfecissem.Believetheworks.

    Twosupernaturalfoundationsofourwhollysupernaturalreligion;onevisible,theotherinvisible;miracleswithgrace,miracleswithoutgrace.

    Thesynagogue,whichhadbeentreatedwithloveasatypeoftheChurch,andwithhatred,becauseitwasonlythetype,hasbeenrestored,beingonthepointoffallingwhenitwaswellwithGod,andthusatype.

    MiraclesprovethepowerwhichGodhasoverhearts,bythatwhichHeexercisesoverbodies.

    TheChurchhasneverapprovedamiracleamongheretics.

    Miraclesasupportofreligion:theyhavebeenthetestofJews;theyhavebeenthetestofChristians,saints,innocents,andtruebelievers.

    Amiracleamongschismaticsisnotsomuchtobefeared;forschism,whichismoreobviousthanamiracle,visiblyindicatestheirerror.But,whenthereisnoschismanderrorisinquestion,miracledecides.

    Sinonfecissemquaealiusnonfecit.Thewretcheswhohaveobligedustospeakofmiracles.

    AbrahamandGideonconfirmfaithbymiracles.

    Judith.Godspeaksatlastintheirgreatestoppression.

    IfthecoolingofloveleavestheChurchalmostwithoutbelievers,miracleswillrousethem.Thisisoneofthelasteffectsofgrace.

    IfonemiraclewerewroughtamongtheJesuits!

    Whenamiracledisappointstheexpectationofthoseinwhosepresenceithappens,andthereisadisproportionbetweenthestateoftheirfaithandtheinstrumentofthemiracle,itought¡Xthentoinducethemtochange.Butwithyouitisotherwise.Therewouldbeasmuchreasoninsayingthat,iftheEucharistraisedadeadman,itwouldbenecessaryforonetoturnaCalvinistratherthanremainaCatholic.Butwhenitcrownstheexpectation,andthose,whohopedthatGodwouldblesstheremedies,seethemselveshealedwithoutremedies.

    Theungodly.¡XNosignhaseverhappenedonthepartofthedevilwithoutastrongersignonthepartofGod,orevenwithoutithavingbeenforetoldthatsuchwouldhappen.

    852.UnjustpersecutorsofthosewhomGodvisiblyprotects.Iftheyreproachyouwithyourexcesses,"theyspeakastheheretics."IftheysaythatthegraceofJesusChristdistinguishesus,"theyareheretics."Iftheydomiracles,"itisthemarkoftheirheresy."

    Ezekiel.Theysay:ThesearethepeopleofGodwhospeakthus.

    Itissaid,"BelieveintheChurch";butitisnotsaid,"Believeinmiracles";becausethelastisnatural,andnotthefirst.Theonehadneedofaprecept,nottheother.Hezekiah.

    Thesynagoguewasonlyatype,andthusitdidnotperish;anditwasonlyatype,andsoitisdecayed.Itwasatypewhichcontainedthetruth,andthusithaslasteduntilitnolongercontainedthetruth.

    Myreverendfather,allthishappenedintypes.Otherreligionsperish;thisoneperishesnot.

    Miraclesaremoreimportantthanyouthink.Theyhaveservedforthefoundation,andwillserveforthecontinuationoftheChurchtillAntichrist,tilltheend.

    Thetwowitnesses.

    IntheOldTestamentandtheNew,miraclesareperformedinconnectionwithtypes.Salvation,orauselessthing,ifnottoshowthatwemustsubmittotheScriptures:typeofthesacrament.

    853.Wemustjudgesoberlyofdivineordinances,myfather.SaintPaulintheisleofMalta.

    854.ThehardnessoftheJesuits,then,surpassesthatoftheJews,sincethoserefusedtobelieveJesusChristinnocentonlybecausetheydoubtedifHismiracleswereofGod.WhereastheJesuits,thoughunabletodoubtthatthemiraclesofPort-RoyalareofGod,donotceasetodoubtstilltheinnocenceofthathouse.

    855.Isupposethatmenbelievemiracles.Youcorruptreligioneitherinfavourofyourfriendsoragainstyourenemies.Youarrangeitatyourwill.

    856.Onthemiracle.¡XAsGodhasmadenofamilymorehappy,letitalsobethecasethatHefindnonemorethankful.

    SECTIONXIV:APPENDIX:POLEMICALFRAGMENTS

    857.Clearness,obscurity.¡XTherewouldbetoogreatdarkness,iftruthhadnotvisiblesigns.Thisisawonderfulone,thatithasalwaysbeenpreservedinoneChurchandonevisibleassemblyofmen.Therewouldbetoogreatclearness,iftherewereonlyoneopinioninthisChurch.Butinordertorecognisewhatistrue,onehasonlytolookatwhathasalwaysexisted;foritiscertainthattruthhasalwaysexisted,andthatnothingfalsehasalwaysexisted.

    858.ThehistoryoftheChurchoughtproperlytobecalledthehistoryoftruth.

    859.Thereisapleasureinbeinginashipbeatenaboutbyastorm,whenwearesurethatitwillnotfounder.ThepersecutionswhichharasstheChurchareofthisnature.

    860.Inadditiontosomanyothersignsofpiety,theyarealsopersecuted,whichisthebestsignofpiety.

    861.TheChurchisinanexcellentstatewhenitissustainedbyGodonly.

    862.TheChurchhasalwaysbeenattackedbyoppositeerrors,butperhapsneveratthesametime,asnow.Andifshesuffermorebecauseofthemultiplicityoferrors,shederivesthisadvantagefromit,thattheydestroyeachother.

    Shecomplainsofboth,butfarmoreoftheCalvinists,becauseoftheschism.

    Itiscertainthatmanyofthetwooppositesectsaredeceived.Theymustbedisillusioned.

    Faithembracesmanytruthswhichseemtocontradicteachother.Thereisatimetolaugh,andtimetoweep,etc.Responde.Nerespondeas,etc.

    ThesourceofthisistheunionofthetwonaturesinJesusChrist;andalsothetwoworlds(thecreationofanewheavenandanewearth;anewlifeandanewdeath;allthingsdouble,andthesamenamesremaining);andfinallythetwonaturesthatareintherighteous(fortheyarethetwoworlds,andamemberandimageofJesusChrist.Andthusallthenamessuitthem:righteous,yetsinners;dead,yetliving;living,yetdead;elect,yetoutcast,etc.).

    Therearethenagreatnumberoftruths,bothoffaithandofmorality,whichseemcontradictoryandwhichallholdgoodtogetherinawonderfulsystem.Thesourceofallheresiesistheexclusionofsomeofthesetruths;andthesourceofalltheobjectionswhichthehereticsmakeagainstusistheignoranceofsomeofourtruths.Anditgenerallyhappensthat,unabletoconceivetheconnectionoftwooppositetruths,andbelievingthattheadmissionofoneinvolvestheexclusionoftheother,theyadheretotheone,excludetheother,andthinkofusasopposedtothem.Nowexclusionisthecauseoftheirheresy;andignorancethatweholdtheothertruthcausestheirobjections.

    1stexample:JesusChristisGodandman.TheArians,unabletoreconcilethesethings,whichtheybelieveincompatible,saythatHeisman;inthistheyareCatholics.ButtheydenythatHeisGod;inthistheyareheretics.TheyallegethatwedenyHishumanity;inthistheyareignorant.

    2ndexample:OnthesubjectoftheHolySacrament.Webelievethat,thesubstanceofthebreadbeingchanged,andbeingconsubstantialwiththatofthebodyofourLord,JesusChrististhereinreallypresent.Thatisonetruth.AnotheristhatthisSacramentisalsoatypeofthecrossandofglory,andacommemorationofthetwo.ThatistheCatholicfaith,whichcomprehendsthesetwotruthswhichseemopposed.

    Theheresyofto-day,notconceivingthatthisSacramentcontainsatthesametimeboththepresenceofJesusChristandatypeofHim,andthatitisasacrificeandacommemorationofasacrifice,believesthatneitherofthesetruthscanbeadmittedwithoutexcludingtheotherforthisreason.

    Theyfastentothispointalone,thatthisSacramentistypical;andinthistheyarenotheretics.Theythinkthatweexcludethistruth;henceitcomesthattheyraisesomanyobjectionstousoutofthepassagesoftheFatherswhichassertit.Finally,theydenythepresence;andinthistheyareheretics.

    3rdexample:Indulgences.

    Theshortestway,therefore,topreventheresiesistoinstructinalltruths;andthesurestwaytorefutethemistodeclarethemall.Forwhatwillthehereticssay?

    InordertoknowwhetheranopinionisaFather-s

    863.Allerrthemoredangerously,astheyeachfollowatruth.Theirfaultisnotinfollowingafalsehood,butinnotfollowinganothertruth.

    864.Truthissoobscureinthesetimes,andfalsehoodsoestablished,that,unlesswelovethetruth,wecannotknowit.

    865.Ifthereiseveratimeinwhichwemustmakeprofessionoftwooppositetruths,itiswhenwearereproachedforomittingone.ThereforetheJesuitsandJansenistsarewronginconcealingthem,buttheJansenistsmoreso,fortheJesuitshavebettermadeprofessionofthetwo.

    866.Twokindsofpeoplemakethingsequaltooneanother,asfeaststoworkingdays,Christianstopriests,allthingsamongthem,etc.AndhencetheonepartyconcludethatwhatisthenbadforpriestsisalsosoforChristians,andtheotherthatwhatisnotbadforChristiansislawfulforpriests.

    867.IftheancientChurchwasinerror,theChurchisfallen.Ifsheshouldbeinerrorto-day,itisnotthesamething;forshehasalwaysthesuperiormaximoftraditionfromthehandoftheancientChurch;andsothissubmissionandthisconformitytotheancientChurchprevailandcorrectall.ButtheancientChurchdidnotassumethefutureChurchanddidnotconsiderher,asweassumeandconsidertheancient.

    868.ThatwhichhindersusincomparingwhatformerlyoccurredintheChurchwithwhatweseetherenowisthatwegenerallylookuponSaintAthanasius,SaintTheresa,andtherest,ascrownedwithgloryandactingtowardsusasgods.Nowthattimehasclearedupthings,itdoessoappear.Butatthetimewhenhewaspersecuted,thisgreatsaintwasamancalledAthanasius;andSaintTheresawasanun."Eliaswasamansubjecttolikepassionsasweare,"saysSaintJames,todisabuseChristiansofthatfalseideawhichmakesusrejecttheexampleofthesaintsasdisproportionedtoourstate."Theyweresaints,"saywe,"theyarenotlikeus."Whatthenactuallyhappened?SaintAthanasiuswasamancalledAthanasius,accusedofmanycrimes,condemnedbysuchandsuchacouncilforsuchandsuchacrime.Allthebishopsassentedtoit,andfinallythePope.Whatsaidtheytothosewhoopposedthis?Thattheydisturbedthepeace,thattheycreatedschism,etc.

    Zeal,light.Fourkindsofpersons:zealwithoutknowledge;knowledgewithoutzeal;neitherknowledgenorzeal;bothzealandknowledge.Thefirstthreecondemnedhim.Thelastacquittedhim,wereexcommunicatedbytheChurchandyetsavedtheChurch.

    869.IfSaintAugustinecameatthepresenttimeandwasaslittleauthorisedashisdefenders,hewouldaccomplishnothing.GoddirectsHisChurchwell,byhavingsenthimbeforewithauthority.

    870.GodhasnotwantedtoabsolvewithouttheChurch.Asshehaspartintheoffence,Hedesireshertohavepartinthepardon.Heassociatesherwiththispower,askingstheirparliaments.ButifsheabsolvesorbindswithoutGod,sheisnolongertheChurch.For,asinthecaseofparliament,evenifthekinghavepardonedaman,itmustberatified;butifparliamentratifieswithouttheking,orrefusestoratifyontheorderoftheking,itisnolongertheparliamentoftheking,butarebelliousassembly.

    871.TheChurch,thePope.Unity,plurality.¡XConsideringtheChurchasaunity,thePope,whoisitshead,isasthewhole.Consideringitasaplurality,thePopeisonlyapartofit.TheFathershaveconsideredtheChurchnowintheoneway,nowintheother.AndthustheyhavespokendifferentlyofthePope.(SaintCyprian:SacerdosDei.)Butinestablishingoneofthesetruths,theyhavenotexcludedtheother.Pluralitywhichisnotreducedtounityisconfusion;unitywhichdoesnotdependonpluralityistyranny.ThereisscarcelyanyothercountrythanFranceinwhichitispermissibletosaythattheCouncilisabovethePope.

    872.ThePopeishead.Whoelseisknownofall?Whoelseisrecognisedbyall,havingpowertoinsinuatehimselfintoallthebody,becauseheholdstheprincipalshoot,whichinsinuatesitselfeverywhere?Howeasyitwastomakethisdegenerateintotyranny!ThatiswhyChristhaslaiddownforthemthisprecept:Vosautemnonsic.

    873.ThePopehatesandfearsthelearned,whodonotsubmittohimatwill.

    874.WemustnotjudgeofwhatthePopeisbysomewordsoftheFathers¡XastheGreekssaidinacouncil,importantrules¡XbutbytheactsoftheChurchandtheFathers,andbythecanons.

    Duoauttres.Inunum.Unityandplurality.Itisanerrortoexcludeoneofthetwo,asthepapistsdowhoexcludeplurality,ortheHuguenotswhoexcludeunity.

    875.WouldthePopebedishonouredbyhavinghisknowledgefromGodandtradition;andisitnotdishonouringhimtoseparatehimfromthisholyunion?

    876.GoddoesnotperformmiraclesintheordinaryconductofHisChurch.Itwouldbeastrangemiracleifinfallibilityexistedinoneman.Butitappearssonaturalforittoresideinamultitude,sincetheconductofGodishiddenundernature,asinallHisotherworks.

    877.Kingsdisposeoftheirownpower;butthePopescannotdisposeoftheirs.

    878.Summumjus,summainjuria.

    Themajorityisthebestway,becauseitisvisibleandhasstrengthtomakeitselfobeyed.Yetitistheopinionoftheleastable.

    Ifmencouldhavedoneit,theywouldhaveplacedmightinthehandsofjustice.Butasmightdoesnotallowitselftobemanagedasmenwant,becauseitisapalpablequality,whereasjusticeisaspiritualqualityofwhichmendisposeastheyplease,theyhaveplacedjusticeinthehandsofmight.Andthusthatiscalledjustwhichmenareforcedtoobey.

    Hencecomestherightofthesword,fortheswordgivesatrueright.Otherwiseweshouldseeviolenceononesideandjusticeontheother(endofthetwelfthProvincialLetter).HencecomestheinjusticeoftheFronde,whichraisesitsallegedjusticeagainstpower.ItisnotthesameintheChurch,forthereisatruejusticeandnoviolence.

    879.Injustice.¡XJurisdictionisnotgivenforthesakeofthejudge,butforthatofthelitigant.Itisdangeroustotellthistothepeople.Butthepeoplehavetoomuchfaithinyou;itwillnotharmthemandmayserveyou.Itshould,therefore,bemadeknown.Pasceovesmeas,nottuas.Youowemepasturage.

    880.Menlikecertainty.TheylikethePopetobeinfallibleinfaith,andgravedoctorstobeinfallibleinmorals,soastohavecertainty.

    881.TheChurchteaches,andGodinspires,bothinfallibly.TheworkoftheChurchisofuseonlyasapreparationforgraceorcondemnation.Whatitdoesisenoughforcondemnation,notforinspiration.

    882.EverytimetheJesuitsmayimposeuponthePope,theywillmakeallChristendomperjured.

    ThePopeisveryeasilyimposedupon,becauseofhisoccupations,andtheconfidencewhichhehasintheJesuits;andtheJesuitsareverycapableofimposinguponhimbymeansofcalumny.

    883.Thewretcheswhohaveobligedmetospeakofthebasisofreligion.

    884.Sinnerspurifiedwithoutpenitence;therighteousjustifiedwithoutlove;allChristianswithoutthegraceofJesusChrist;Godwithoutpoweroverthewillofmen;apredestinationwithoutmystery;aredemptionwithoutcertitude!

    885.Anyoneismadeapriest,whowantstobeso,asunderJeroboam.

    ItisahorriblethingthattheypropoundtousthedisciplineoftheChurchofto-dayassogoodthatitismadeacrimetodesiretochangeit.Formerlyitwasinfalliblygood,anditwasthoughtthatitcouldbechangedwithoutsin;andnow,suchasitis,wecannotwishitchanged!Ithasindeedbeenpermittedtochangethecustomofnotmakingpriestswithoutsuchgreatcircumspectionthattherewerehardlyanywhowereworthy;anditisnotallowedtocomplainofthecustomwhichmakessomanywhoareunworthy!

    886.Heretics.¡XEzekiel.Alltheheathen,andalsotheProphet,spokeevilofIsrael.ButtheIsraelitesweresofarfromhavingtherighttosaytohim,"Youspeakliketheheathen,"thatheismostforcibleuponthis,thattheheathensaythesameashe.

    887.TheJansenistsarelikethehereticsinthereformationofmorality;butyouareliketheminevil.

    888.Youareignorantoftheprophecies,ifyoudonotknowthatallthismusthappen;princes,prophets,Pope,andeventhepriests.AndyettheChurchistoabide.BythegraceofGodwehavenotcometothat.Woetothesepriests!ButwehopethatGodwillbestowHismercyuponusthatweshallnotbeofthem.

    SaintPeter,Epistleii:falseprophetsinthepast,theimageoffutureones.

    889Sothatifitistrue,ontheonehand,thatsomelaxmonksandsomecorruptcasuists,whoarenotmembersofthehierarchy,aresteepedinthesecorruptions,itis,ontheotherhand,certainthatthetruepastorsoftheChurch,whoarethetrueguardiansoftheDivineWord,havepreserveditunchangeablyagainsttheeffortsofthosewhohaveattemptedtodestroyit.

    Andthustruebelievershavenopretexttofollowthatlaxity,whichisonlyofferedtothembythestrangehandsofthesecasuists,insteadofthesounddoctrinewhichispresentedtothembythefatherlyhandsoftheirownpastors.AndtheungodlyandhereticshavenogroundforpublishingtheseabusesasevidenceofimperfectionintheprovidenceofGodoverHisChurch;since,theChurchconsistingproperlyinthebodyofthehierarchy,wearesofarfrombeingabletoconcludefromthepresentstateofmattersthatGodhasabandonedhertocorruption,thatithasneverbeenmoreapparentthanatthepresenttimethatGodvisiblyprotectsherfromcorruption.

    Forifsomeofthesemen,who,byanextraordinaryvocation,havemadeprofessionofwithdrawingfromtheworldandadoptingthemonks-dress,inordertoliveinamoreperfectstatethanordinaryChristians,havefallenintoexcesseswhichhorrifyordinaryChristians,andhavebecometouswhatthefalseprophetswereamongtheJews;thisisaprivateandpersonalmisfortune,whichmustindeedbedeplored,butfromwhichnothingcanbeinferredagainstthecarewhichGodtakesofHisChurch;sinceallthesethingsaresoclearlyforetold,andithasbeensolongsinceannouncedthatthesetemptationswouldarisefrompeopleofthiskind;sothatwhenwearewellinstructed,weseeinthisratherevidenceofthecareofGodthanofHisforgetfulnessinregardtous.

    890.Tertullian:NunquamEcclesiareformabitur.

    891.Heretics,whotakeadvantageofthedoctrineoftheJesuits,mustbemadetoknowthatitisnotthatoftheChurch,andthatourdivisionsdonotseparateusfromthealtar.

    892.Ifindifferingwecondemned,youwouldberight.Uniformitywithoutdiversityisuselesstoothers;diversitywithoutuniformityisruinousforus.Theoneisharmfuloutwardly;theotherinwardly.

    893.Byshowingthetruth,wecauseittobebelieved;butbyshowingtheinjusticeofministers,wedonotcorrectit.Ourmindisassuredbyaproofoffalsehood;ourpurseisnotmadesecurebyproofofinjustice.

    894.ThosewholovetheChurchlamenttoseethecorruptionofmorals;butlawsatleastexist.Butthesecorruptthelaws.Themodelisdamaged.

    895.Menneverdoevilsocompletelyandcheerfullyaswhentheydoitfromreligiousconviction.

    896.ItisinvainthattheChurchhasestablishedthesewords,anathemas,heresies,etc.Theyareusedagainsther.

    897.Theservantknowethnotwhathislorddoeth,forthemastertellshimonlytheactandnottheintention.Andthisiswhyheoftenobeysslavishly,anddefeatstheintention.ButJesusChristhastoldustheobject.Andyoudefeatthatobject.

    898.Theycannothaveperpetuity,andtheyseekuniversality;andthereforetheymakethewholeChurchcorrupt,thattheymaybesaints.

    899.AgainstthosewhomisusepassagesofScripture,andwhopridethemselvesinfindingonewhichseemstofavourtheirerror.¡XThechapterforVespers,PassionSunday,theprayerfortheking.

    Explanationofthesewords:"Hethatisnotwithmeisagainstme."Andoftheseothers:"Hethatisnotagainstyouisforyou."Apersonwhosays:"Iamneitherfornoragainst";weoughttoreplytohim

    900.HewhowillgivethemeaningofScripture,anddoesnottakeitfromScripture,isanenemyofScripture.(St.Augustine,OfChristianDoctrine.)

    901.Humilibusdatgratiam;anideonondedithumilitatem?

    Suieumnonreceperunt;quotquotautemnonreceperunt,annonerantsui?

    902."Itmustindeedbe,"saysFeuillant,"thatthisisnotsocertain;forcontroversyindicatesuncertainty(SaintAthanasius,SaintChrysostom,morals,unbelievers)."

    TheJesuitshavenotmadethetruthuncertain,buttheyhavemadetheirownungodlinesscertain.

    Contradictionhasalwaysbeenpermitted,inordertoblindthewicked;forallthatoffendstruthorloveisevil.Thisisthetrueprinciple.

    903.Allreligionsandsectsintheworldhavehadnaturalreasonforaguide.Christiansalonehavebeenconstrainedtotaketheirrulesfromwithoutthemselves,andtoacquaintthemselveswiththosewhichJesusChristbequeathedtomenofoldtobehandeddowntotruebelievers.ThisconstraintweariesthesegoodFathers.Theydesire,likeotherpeople,tohavelibertytofollowtheirownimaginations.Itisinvainthatwecrytothem,astheprophetssaidtotheJewsofold:"EnterintotheChurch;acquaintyourselveswiththepreceptswhichthemenofoldlefttoher,andfollowthosepaths."TheyhaveansweredliketheJews:"Wewillnotwalkinthem;butwewillfollowthethoughtsofourhearts";andtheyhavesaid,"Wewillbeastheothernations."

    904.Theymakearuleofexception.

    Havethemenofoldgivenabsolutionbeforepenance?Dothisasexceptional.Butoftheexceptionyoumakearulewithoutexception,sothatyoudonotevenwanttheruletobeexceptional.

    905.Onconfessionsandabsolutionswithoutsignsofregret.

    Godregardsonlytheinward;theChurchjudgesonlybytheoutward.GodabsolvesassoonasHeseespenitenceintheheart;theChurchwhensheseesitinworks.GodwillmakeaChurchpurewithin,whichconfounds,byitsinwardandentirelyspiritualholiness,theinwardimpietyofproudsagesandPharisees;andtheChurchwillmakeanassemblyofmenwhoseexternalmannersaresopureastoconfoundthemannersoftheheathen.Iftherearehypocritesamongthem,butsowelldisguisedthatshedoesnotdiscovertheirvenom,shetoleratesthem;for,thoughtheyarenotacceptedofGod,whomtheycannotdeceive,theyareofmen,whomtheydodeceive.Andthussheisnotdishonouredbytheirconduct,whichappearsholy.ButyouwanttheChurchtojudgeneitheroftheinward,becausethatbelongstoGodalone,noroftheoutward,becauseGoddwellsonlyupontheinward;andthus,takingawayfromherallchoiceofmen,youretainintheChurchthemostdissoluteandthosewhodishonourhersogreatlythatthesynagoguesoftheJewsandsectsofphilosopherswouldhavebanishedthemasunworthyandhaveabhorredthemasimpious.

    906.TheeasiestconditionstoliveinaccordingtotheworldarethemostdifficulttoliveinaccordingtoGod,andviceversa.Nothingissodifficultaccordingtotheworldasthereligiouslife;nothingiseasierthantoliveitaccordingtoGod.Nothingiseasier,accordingtotheworld,thantoliveinhighofficeandgreatwealth;nothingismoredifficultthantoliveinthemaccordingtoGod,andwithoutacquiringaninterestinthemandalikingforthem.

    907.Thecasuistssubmitthedecisiontothecorruptreason,andthechoiceofdecisionstothecorruptwill,inorderthatallthatiscorruptinthenatureofmanmaycontributetohisconduct.

    908.Butisitprobablethatprobabilitygivesassurance?

    Differencebetweenrestandsecurityofconscience.Nothinggivescertaintybuttruth;nothinggivesrestbutthesinceresearchfortruth.

    909.Thewholesocietyitselfoftheircasuistscannotgiveassurancetoaconscienceinerror,andthatiswhyitisimportanttochoosegoodguides.

    Thustheywillbedoublyculpable,bothinhavingfollowedwayswhichtheyshouldnothavefollowed,andinhavinglistenedtoteacherstowhomtheyshouldnothavelistened.

    910.Canitbeanythingbutcompliancewiththeworldwhichmakesyoufindthingsprobable?Willyoumakeusbelievethatitistruthandthat,ifduellingwerenotthefashion,youwouldfinditprobablethattheymightfight,consideringthematterinitself.?

    911.Mustwekilltopreventtherebeinganywicked?Thisistomakebothpartieswickedinsteadofone.Vinceinbonomalum.(SaintAugustine.)

    912.Universal.¡XEthicsandlanguagearespecial,butuniversalsciences.

    913.Probability.¡XEachonecanemployit;noonecantakeitaway.

    914.Theyallowlusttoact,andcheckscruples;whereastheyshoulddothecontrary.

    915.Montalte.¡XLaxopinionspleasemensomuch,thatitisstrangethattheirsdisplease.Itisbecausetheyhaveexceededallbounds.Again,therearemanypeoplewhoseethetruth,andwhocannotattaintoit;buttherearefewwhodonotknowthatthepurityofreligionisopposedtoourcorruptions.ItisabsurdtosaythataneternalrecompenseisofferedtothemoralityofEscobar.

    916.Probability.¡XTheyhavesometrueprinciples;buttheymisusethem.Now,theabuseoftruthoughttobeasmuchpunishedastheintroductionoffalsehood.

    Asifthereweretwohells,oneforsinsagainstlove,theotherforthoseagainstjustice!

    917.Probability.¡XTheearnestnessofthesaintsinseekingthetruthwasuseless,iftheprobableistrustworthy.Thefearofthesaintswhohavealwaysfollowedthesurestway.(SaintTheresahavingalwaysfollowedherconfessor.)

    918.Takeawayprobability,andyoucannolongerpleasetheworld;giveprobability,andyoucannolongerdispleaseit.

    919.ThesearetheeffectsofthesinsofthepeoplesandoftheJesuits.Thegreathavewishedtobeflattered.TheJesuitshavewishedtobelovedbythegreat.Theyhaveallbeenworthytobeabandonedtothespiritoflying,theonepartytodeceive,theotherstobedeceived.Theyhavebeenavaricious,ambitious,voluptuous.Coacervabunttibimagistros.Worthydisciplesofsuchmasters,theyhavesoughtflatterers,andhavefoundthem.

    920.Iftheydonotrenouncetheirdoctrineofprobability,theirgoodmaximsareaslittleholyasthebad,fortheyarefoundedonhumanauthority;andthus,iftheyaremorejust,theywillbemorereasonable,butnotmoreholy.Theytakeafterthewildstemonwhichtheyaregrafted.

    IfwhatIsaydoesnotservetoenlightenyou,itwillbeofusetothepeople.

    Ifthesearesilent,thestoneswillspeak.

    Silenceisthegreatestpersecution;thesaintswereneversilent.Itistruethatacallisnecessary;butitisnotfromthedecreesoftheCouncilthatwemustlearnwhetherwearecalled,itisfromthenecessityofspeaking.Now,afterRomehasspoken,andwethinkthatshehascondemnedthetruth,andthattheyhavewrittenit,andafterthebookswhichhavesaidthecontraryarecensured;wemustcryoutsomuchthelouder,themoreunjustlywearecensured,andthemoreviolentlytheywouldstiflespeech,untiltherecomeaPopewhohearsbothparties,andwhoconsultsantiquitytodojustice.SothegoodPopeswillfindtheChurchstillinoutcry.

    TheInquisitionandtheSocietyarethetwoscourgesofthetruth.

    WhydoyounotaccusethemofArianism?For,thoughtheyhavesaidthatJesusChristisGod,perhapstheymeanbyitnotthenaturalinterpretation,but,asitissaid,Diiestis.

    IfmyLettersarecondemnedatRome,thatwhichIcondemninthemiscondemnedinheaven.Adtuum,DomineJesu,tribunalappello.

    Youyourselvesarecorruptible.

    IfearedthatIhadwrittenill,seeingmyselfcondemned;buttheexampleofsomanypiouswritingsmakesmebelievethecontrary.Itisnolongerallowabletowritewell,socorruptorignorantistheInquisition!

    "ItisbettertoobeyGodthanmen."

    Ifearnothing;Ihopefornothing.Itisnotsowiththebishops.Port-Royalfears,anditisbadpolicytodispersethem;fortheywillfearnolongerandwillcausegreaterfear.Idonotevenfearyourlikecensures,iftheyarenotfoundedonthoseoftradition.Doyoucensureall?What!Evenmyrespect?No.Saythenwhat,oryouwilldonothing,ifyoudonotpointouttheevil,andwhyitisevil.Andthisiswhattheywillhavegreatdifficultyindoing.

    Probability.¡XTheyhavegivenaridiculousexplanationofcertitude;for,afterhavingestablishedthatalltheirwaysaresure,theyhavenolongercalledthatsurewhichleadstoheavenwithoutdangerofnotarrivingtherebyit,butthatwhichleadstherewithoutdangerofgoingoutofthatroad.

    921Thesaintsindulgeinsubtletiesinordertothinkthemselvescriminalsandimpeachtheirbetteractions.Andtheseindulgeinsubtletiesinordertoexcusethemostwicked.

    Theheathensageserectedastructureequallyfineoutside,butuponabadfoundation;andthedevildeceivedmenbythisapparentresemblancebaseduponthemostdifferentfoundation.

    ManneverhadsogoodacauseasI;andothershaveneverfurnishedsogoodacaptureasyou

    Themoretheypointoutweaknessinmyperson,themoretheyauthorisemycause.

    YousaythatIamaheretic.Isthatlawful?Andifyoudonotfearthatmendojustice,doyounotfearthatGoddoesjustice?

    Youwillfeeltheforceofthetruth,andyouwillyieldtoit

    Thereissomethingsupernaturalinsuchablindness.Dignanecessitas.Mentirisimpudentissime.

    Doctrinasuanosceturvir

    Falsepiety,adoublesin.

    Iamaloneagainstthirtythousand.No.Protectyou,thecourt;protect,you,deception;letmeprotectthetruth.Itisallmystrength.IfIloseit,Iamundone.Ishallnotlackaccusations,andpersecutions.ButIpossessthetruth,andweshallseewhowilltakeitaway.

    Idonotneedtodefendreligion,butyoudonotneedtodefenderrorandinjustice.LetGod,outofHiscompassion,havingnoregardtotheevilwhichisinme,andhavingregardtothegoodwhichisinyou,grantusallgracethattruthmaynotbeovercomeinmyhands,andthatfalsehood

    922.Probable.¡XLetusseeifweseekGodsincerely,bycomparisonofthethingswhichwelove.Itisprobablethatthisfoodwillnotpoisonme.ItisprobablethatIshallnotlosemyactionbynotprosecutingit

    923.Itisnotabsolutiononlywhichremitssinsbythesacramentofpenance,butcontrition,whichisnotrealifitdoesnotseekthesacrament.

    924.Peoplewhodonotkeeptheirword,withoutfaith,withouthonour,withouttruth,deceitfulinheart,deceitfulinspeech;forwhichthatamphibiousanimalinfablewasoncereproached,whichhelditselfinadoubtfulpositionbetweenthefishandthebirds

    Itisimportanttokingsandprincestobeconsideredpious;thereforetheymustconfessthemselvestoyou.

    THEEND